Lessons learned from the past. Lesson 1. Year 1771

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

The purpose of this article is not to advocate against vaccinations. I will only try to display the events of 250 years ago. Also, I will not focus on participation in the events described and assess the ministers of the church.

2016-Jan-19

From a telephone conversation.

-Hey. I have now gone through all the pharmacies in Adler, there is no medicine for the flu. Look in Krasnodar.

-Walked on the way to several pharmacies, also no.

-That's right. And all the medicines are imported, as if everything was specially planned.

-Come on. Didn't I write about this exactly 10 days ago ….

2016-Jan-09

After reading the article by Igor Grek, I decided to start looking for the original documents and figure out for myself what kind of epidemic took lives Muscovites in 1771, better known from documents as pestilence".

Brief chronology of events

1762-06-28- occurs in the country coup d'état, comes to power Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (Catherine II);

1764 year – opening Moscow Orphanage with hospital and Pharmacy (every two days from 7 received babies alive remains 1).

1768-10-12 - inoculation with smallpox Ekatirina II and her son;

1769 year - import into Russia of a large batch of pharmaceutical materials for the Pharmacy of the Orphanage (sum only one duties nearly RUB 500 about the same years for the opening city Pharmacy in Orenburg stands out per year RUB 500);

1770-03-30 - clear and concise instructions on how to keep a patient in natural and vaccinated smallpox;

1771-03-25 - a decree on the termination of the contagious disease that has appeared in Moscow;

1771-09-15 - the rebellion in Moscow, the murder of the bishop: Archbishop Ambrosius (in the world - Andrei Stepanovich Zertis-Kamensky);

177-09-21 - a manifesto on sending Count Orlov to Moscow to suppress an infectious disease (the epidemic is already raging 6 months, and the graph is sent in 5 days after the start of the rebellion);

1771-10-07 - about locking the bell towers;

1772-05-14 - decree on the presentation 12 gold medals on the occasion of recovery from smallpox vaccination (on the occasion of a successful operation);

1772-11-15 - on the termination of the infectious disease in Moscow and other cities.

Reading decrees began from March 1771, when in Moscow the threat of infection was declared. Moving in fact from the end of the epidemic to the beginning of its appearance on the pages of the collection, I came to an unambiguous conclusion. Basically, when reading decrees from 1763 towards 1772 the picture should be exactly the same.

As well as " pestilence"at the indicated time interval, quite voluminous documents about Orphanage for infants in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Therefore, I will start the story with the Orphanage in Moscow.

You can read about the declared good purposes of this institution in any source, so I will give excerpts from " Manifesto on the establishment of an orphanage in Moscow"from September 01, 1763 and from the "General Plan of the Moscow Orphanage" from August 11, 1767 … In the order they appear in these documents.

Lieutenant General Betskoy Ivan Ivanovich.

An example, as is often the case, was "enlightened Europe."

Land for the construction of I. I. inquires in the very center of Moscow.

The building project is impressive in its dimensions. To match the center.

The applicant himself was never married and had no children of his own.

Interesting associations with babies.

Further, there will be a mention of the high probability of death for infants when fed with cow's milk.

In Russia, babies have never been fed instead of breast milk, cow's milk.

On the other hand, if Betskoy was going to feed the babies with cow's milk, then why was the orphanage not built closer to the source of this very milk, but in the center of the city?

Well, yes, then Europe, but in "dark" Russia and statistics, then no one led, because the people could neither write nor count.

I'm afraid to suggest that here the author is talking about his childhood.

You can read about the European shelters, from which the author takes an example, here

The origin of babies is absolutely of no interest to anyone, and neither is their parents

If only they carried it day and night.

Unheard of charity.

If they were going to educate managers for themselves, then at least some would be selected.

If the origin was absolutely indifferent, then why was it necessary to build such a large building in city center.

First thing " fear of god", and then stockings, caps and nets.

Directly some pirate school.

The origin of women in labor, as already mentioned, is no one interested in … Only baby.

Here's how. In addition to the hospital, pharmacy for the sale of medicines to the population.

Just the same closed production cycle".

The lottery seems to have been the baby house itself …

Suddenly. So the author of these "golden" words showed up.

And then everywhere they write "a contemporary of Catherine."

And indeed, where did human beings come from in Russia before Peter.

Strange, in the list of famous graduates of the orphanage, the exact opposite information is entirely dancers.

No, they were definitely not going to educate the elite here …

More like memories sailor.

Interestingly, and with whom is it strong alcoholic beverages appeared in Russia?

It seems that the manifesto came and served as a guide, not only to the orphanage …

There are many pretentious phrases in the documents. I wonder what they say statistics figures?

Moscow educational house:

"In the same time out of 40669 babiesbrought into the house from 1764 to 1797 died 35309 or 87 percent. As they will say later: "It seems that the people who were entrusted with the existence of babies, were stopped by an incomprehensible power in helping to preserve them."

St. Petersburg Educational House:

"Due to crowding and non-observance of sanitary and hygienic rules, infant mortality progressed. Dysentery, smallpox, cholera and tuberculosis raged outside the house. Up to 85% died: out of 25 thousand peoplereceived from 1770 to 1796, only 5 thousand survivedThat is, 1000 brought to 6 years lived 550. It is no coincidence that the people of the children who were given to the Orphanage were called "angels of death."

It turns out that in Moscow on average, 1 out of 7 babies survived every two days.

V St. Petersburg- every two days out of 5, 1 remained.

During the indicated periods of time, almost 55 thousand babies.

Move the dates a little and the content changes radically.

In Russia, Jenner's vaccination was started in October 1801 … The vaccination was carried out in Moscow orphanage Professor E. O. Mukhin.

The orphanage has long become an important Moscow vaccination center, where they made their own vaccine, and vaccinated everyone. Jennerv visited Russia in 1814 and was introduced to Emperor Alexander I."

The activities of the Moscow Orphanage began in 1764.

October 12, 1768 was done " smallpox vaccination"(I am writing literally from the collection of laws) Catherine II together with her son Pavel.

Obviously, this was a very risky procedure for that time.

Unless before that, within 4 years, it has not been repeatedly tested on others …

Nevertheless, they decided to announce the very fact of inoculating the empress only four years later - May 14, 1772 … And not just to declare, but to reward.

By coincidence, immediately after vaccination, in 1769 year for Pharmacy a batch of drugs was purchased at the Orphanage (the list is not specified).

pay attention to amount of customs duty.

If we consider that the size of the duty for pharmaceutical drugs was a penny, then I can hardly imagine volumes of supplies.

For clarity, at the same time, in Orenburg to supply for the year Pharmacies was allocated RUB 500.

491 r 58 kopecks customs duties on medicines for Pharmacy at the Orphanage in Moscow and RUB 500 for the whole Pharmacy v Orenburg.

Well, yes, children often get sick …

Especially babies, especially who survived …

After all experiments carried out successfully, pharmaceutical materials were purchased in the required quantity, at the very time announce an impending epidemic.

Having previously thought about St. Petersburg.

And wait for that very approach, along the "road" changing smallpox name.

Weird.

Why did the epidemic not start from the borders from which it was so expected and prepared intensively (according to the documents)?

Did it start from the center of Moscow?

Epidemic declared in March 1771and the graph Orlova sent to fight her 5 days after the mutiny.

May be bell towers then they started to close earlier?

And this, among other things, was the reason for the mutiny?

As in the case of the suppression of Pugachev in 1773-1775, it is interesting to compare the names and occupations of the rebels and the injured archbishop.

The full text of the verdict can be read here.

Almost all documents in the "Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire" for 1771 in one way or another relate to the "pestilence".

The end of the epidemic in Moscow and other cities are announced only in November 1772.

Detailed chronology of events

1762-06-28- a coup d'etat takes place in the country, Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (Catherine II) comes to power;

1763-09-01 - a manifesto on the establishment of an Orphanage in Moscow;

1764 year - opening of the Moscow Orphanage with a hospital and a Pharmacy.

1768-10-12 - inoculation with smallpox Ekatirina II and her son;

1769 year - import into Russia of a large batch of pharmaceutical materials for the Pharmacy of the Orphanage;

1770-03-15 - the place for the construction of the Orphanage in St. Petersburg is being determined;

1770-03-30 - clear and concise instructions on how to keep a patient in natural and vaccinated smallpox;

1770-08-27 - decree on precautions against sticky fever in Wallachia and Moldova;

1771-01-09 - decree on precautions against contagious disease in the Polish provinces;

1771-01-10 - a decree on the delivery of infants to the Orphanage;

1771-03-25 - a decree on the termination of the contagious disease that has appeared in Moscow;

1771-09-15 - the rebellion in Moscow, the murder of the bishop: Archbishop Ambrosius (in the world - Andrei Stepanovich Zertis-Kamensky);

177-09-21 - a manifesto on sending Count Orlov to Moscow to suppress an infectious disease;

1771-10-07 - about locking the bell towers;

1771-11-10 - the verdict over the guilty and accomplices of the rebellion in Moscow;

1771-11-25 - about the prohibition to export fur coats and sheepskins from Siberia to St. Petersburg (and there was also smallpox there? I personally have not heard anything about this);

1772-05-14 - decree on the presentation of 12 gold medals on the occasion of healing from smallpox vaccination;

1772-11-15 - on the termination of the infectious disease in Moscow and other cities.

If you have read the article to the end, then everyone will draw conclusions for themselves.

I have nothing to add to the above. I will be silent.

Fragment of the film "The weak must die":

I will allow myself to read one thought

Throwing into society the idea that a woman should have equal rights with men, they attracted them, women, to cities.

Being alone in the city, without the support of a family, husband, believing in the beautiful idea of independent life and freedom, being in a position, a shelter in the West or a hospital at the Orphanage in Moscow and St. Petersburg could seem the only way out of a difficult situation: no one asked no name, did not condemn, just took delivery, and even promised to pay for the baby.