Russian heraldry. Wake up well, boyar

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

On the headband there is an engraving depicting two types of boyars: Russian and Byzantine (refugee).

I work in the genre of historical miniatures. To be honest, I myself really like this short historical story, which necessarily carries an edifying and educational part, to the reader. Of course, many will say, they say, why are you the author arrogated to himself the right to educate us? Here, even without you, there are enough willing ones: what is one mother-in-law worth?

And the rulers of the state? They already brought up the people, who are in what is much: sometimes fathers and children, brought up under different rulers, cannot tie the ends in their communication. To this I will answer this way: the confrontation between fathers and children is as natural as, say, dawn or the desire to sleep. Wait, reader, the time will come and your child will become a father, but you will never become a child. Therefore, be patient and wise, do not put yourself in the position of the ultimate truth and remember that through the mouth of a baby, truth still speaks, whatever one may say.

The miniature is interesting in that the author has the opportunity to conduct his own investigation of the historical process or event, in relation to the modern worldview, it does not require the creation of capacious images of people (although I sometimes sin with this, well, I just can not beat youthful romanticism out of myself), but the main thing than I was carried away by this path, so it is openness and accessibility.

I got to know the genre of Russian miniature late after reading the works of the novelist Valentin Pikul. Undoubtedly, his novels are interesting to the reader and in many ways he is a master, but his historical miniatures are simply unsurpassed. They are like an artist's sketch, written in one breath and in their totality create a feeling of involvement in the events of the described times, and despite their disunity in the chronological scale, they still follow one from the other. I consider the highest motive of Pikul's miniatures to be his endless love for the Motherland. This man ran away from home in the harsh years of the great war, in order to climb the shaky deck of a destroyer and receive the highest rank in the fleet - cabin boy. Time will pass, and he will return home, sweeping the dust of the streets of his hometown with his wide bell-bottoms and jingling with the curtain of medals on a Dutch woman, with a jack fluttering in the wind. I enjoy reading his nautical novels, but I still consider him an unsurpassed master of miniatures, although he has written so few of them.

The miniature provides a basis for conclusions and the continuation of the search for what the author deliberately did not finish, leaving the reader INTENTIONALLY indignant.

- So what is next? - will cry, my friend the reader and he will be right. Once the author has taken up the topic, if you please retell the entire course of academic official history. And the reader does not care how much literature had to be shoveled and in which archives the dust of centuries was crammed. Take it out, put it down!

This is where the whole Russian person is, living at the peak of his emotions, extreme in everything. Of course, I did not choose the people in which I had to be born, but if I were offered the opportunity to be born again and choose my place of residence and my people, I would not hesitate to ask to leave me in Russia, among the huge number of peoples who inhabit its holy land. And I don't care: I'm a Kazan Tatar or a reindeer breeder in Chukotka! All these peoples are Russians.

The French envoy, at the ball, asked Emperor Alexander to explain: who are the Russians?

The Tsar pointed at one and said that it was a Pole. He pointed to the magnificent nobleman and explained that it was a Little Russian. He warmly waved his hand to the Chechen general, smiled at the princess-khansha from the ancient Tatar family of the Yusupovs….

- Excuse me, Your Imperial Majesty !!! But where are the Russians?

- And all together they are Russians! - answered the king and pondered.

The history of our people, shamelessly distorted during the time of the first Romanovs and does not correspond to the true state of affairs. And in general, the history of the world is completely different and not as long as the devil paints it to us. Those who have read my miniatures know what I have just said and also know the name of the customer who falsified the history of the world.

Realizing that I alone could not cope with many historical searches, I made the decision (based on 34 years of service in law enforcement agencies) to use the practice and experience of my fellow criminologists, the same retired detectives who while away their days in retirement nooks all over the world. As expected, the call on the Internet resonated and my former colleagues, scattered around the world, experts in various fields of forensics, happily agreed to participate in a series of searches. Not enough, a wave of information and suggestions to consider this or that topic fell on me. In short, youth is back! Everything fell into place: the former prosecutors began to urge the investigation, the prowl-detectives relying on old sticks and crutches went out into the operational space, the forensic experts investigated, washed for analysis of the investigation materials, laboratory flasks prepared for future use by them for other analyzes, and the formidable special forces went down on the knee - lace up ankle boots. The formidable image of the panel of judges and jury looms over all of us. This is perhaps the only case when we voluntarily agree to go to court, because it will be the fairest in the world. This is your judgment, reader!

However, enough to feed you with fables, it's time to move on to the fable itself.

In this miniature, we will talk with you about the strange headdress that took place in Russia and in some Slavic countries. We are talking about the boyar's throated hat, a tall structure on the boyar's head.

You must admit that in the narrow and low passages of the boyar and royal chambers, she clearly constituted an inconvenience, and the image of a proud boyar does not fit in in any way with a citizen who bowed his neck, almost to the floor, trying to crawl through the narrow and low doors of the royal chambers. And to keep her on the head: oh, how difficult. By the way, on engravings and drawings earlier than the 15th century, there are no throaty caps.

Or with the boyars, that something is not right, or in the history of another embarrassment.

Starting the study of this topic, I could not even imagine where this investigation would lead the author, but nevertheless, believing on the word of official historians and numerous films depicting boyars sitting in throated hats in the sovereign's chambers, I began to study the image of this nobleman, taking for the truth the impression I had made earlier. Realizing that the services of Interpol would not be required, I decided to confine myself to the documents of the Kremlin.

I must say that my classmate was the commandant of this unique complex and thanks to him, I know a lot about him that the reader does not even guess. For example, the fact that it was built exactly as the first Yorosal was built and the description in the Old Testament (books of Ezra and Jeremiah) fully confirms this, right down to the names of the towers and internal structures.

Open your Bible and lay the Kremlin's plan in front of you, reader. You learn that Jeremiah (one of the builders of Yorosalem) walked around the Moscow Kremlin. And if you open the pre-canonical Ostrog Bible, you will find out that the Yorosalim described there was not restored to its old place, but “creating and creating” in completely different lands.

I also learned that the Kremlin is not a defensive structure, although these functions are provided for it. This, gentlemen, is a monastery (more precisely, monasteries, male and female) where the king and queen were abbots. Moreover, the king of the Russian land was not only the anointed of God, but also the presbyter of the palace church - the main church of the state. I also learned that the presbyter and the patriarch are essentially one and the same person, and only in the time of the Romanovs will the high priest become separate from the royal power, nevertheless submitting to the king as the head of the church. The Russian tsar had two powers: spiritual, being a high priest, and secular, being the Grand Duke. It was their combination that gave Russia a two-headed eagle, as a coat of arms and the title of tsar to its ruler. In fact, in Russia there have always been two powers: the power of the clergy who take care of the flock and the military power - the princely. The first was divided into two categories: white and black clergy, but in the 11th century another spiritual and secular power appeared. These are boyars!

It is known that the tsar was the owner of all Russian lands. Before the Romanovs, Russia did not know serfdom. It is with them that the enslavement of the ratais will take place, who are now called peasants, although in Russia, a peasant is a rank equal to a European duke.

All the king's lands were divided into patrimonial lands (inherited, but could be taken from the disgraced boyar), monastic (forever belonging to monasteries, selected in the 17th century by the Romanovs to the treasury), zemstvo (belonging to the self-government of the community, but which could be selected if the duty was not paid and a tax, the so-called long-term lease), princely (data for feeding, but not hereditary, but requiring a separate decree for each generation (hereditary right to join, as in the modern world) military (lands of the Cossack troops) sovereigns (personally royal lands) and indigenous (lands on which small peoples lived, annexed as a result of the annexation of territories by Russia).

I ask the reader to pay attention that all lands were granted, were not inherited and required constant confirmation from the new autocrats. For example, upon accession to the throne, the new tsar confirmed everything given by his ancestors, except for the lands of the boyar estates.

How so? Why were the sovereign princes, the relatives of the tsar himself, forced to ask the sovereign to extend their rights, while the boyars, who, according to modern historians, came from close warriors, owned the lands on an equal basis with the sovereign himself?

It's time to figure out what kind of people they were who had such a privilege in Russia!

Boyarin (female boyarynya, plural boyars) - in a narrow sense, the highest stratum of feudal society in the 10th - 17th centuries in Bulgaria, the Old Russian state, the Galicia-Volyn state, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, the Moldavian principality, Wallachia, from the XIX century in Romania.

Boyars arose during the disintegration of the clan system, however, in the Kiev period (IX-XII centuries), first in the polyudye zone, and with the establishment of a system of graveyards by Princess Olga - in the Russian North. Military service was not a condition of land tenure. Simply put, boyars were not required to be soldiers, although this was not prohibited. On the other hand, the tasks of collecting polyudye, ensuring the export of its results, managing the princely economy and commanding the Kiev army, capable of solving their tasks regardless of the participation of peripheral forces, required a powerful administrative apparatus, and boyars in the Kiev period meant the prince's closest associates, the eldest squad. It is quite appropriate to perceive her as the governors of the tsar-prince.

Let's see who was in charge of the tribal system. Yes, of course, an elder who had the right of spiritual inheritance and government. To this day, among the Old Believers, the elder is responsible not only for the management of the community, but also for spiritual education, being in fact the previter, the patriarch of his people. Don't you think, reader, that there is a great deal of similarity with royal duties, only less significant?

The scientist A. E. Presnyakov linked the emergence of the boyars with the transition to the appointment of centurions (or "elders of the city") by the prince by the beginning of the 11th century and pointed to the first manifestation of the independent position of the boyars in the proposal to Boris Vladimirovich to expel his brother Svyatopolk from Kiev and seize the throne campaign against the Pechenegs in 1015). The senior squad became the most influential component of the veche. Thus, the boyars of the Kiev period served the prince not as landowners with the number of soldiers depending on the size of land ownership (although they could have land holdings, the source of which was, among other things, the prince's donation), but personally as warriors, and had the right to influence on the princely order of succession.

Interestingly, the girls are dancing! Druzhinniki, albeit close ones, but influenced the order of inheritance: yes, there is no such thing anywhere in the whole world! Neither peers nor lords have such rights!

And meanwhile, it was the boyars who called Rurik to Russia, put Romanov on the throne, it was by their verdict that all the cases were conducted, pre-Peter the Great.

And were all the cases conducted and sentenced by them? It turns out not! There is evidence that the boyars were invited to a meeting of the boyar duma for the third or fourth time. And on the first there were the usual specialists of that time: engineers (engineers), solicitors, riflemen and other people. The tsar clearly did not perceive the boyars as specialists in fortification or princely rule. But surprisingly, it was they who endured the final approval. Moreover, the tsar and his boyars served in the church having the right to all the sacraments permitted to priests.

Here is the solution to this mystery: the boyars are the elders of the tribes of the Vyatichi, Rusichi, Drevlyans, Krivichi, Berendey, Brodniks and other Slavs who inhabited Russia before the arrival of the Ruriks to the Great Reign. And the boyars in the Duma supervised the compliance of the decisions made with the ancient rules of the Slavs, their faith and way of life. This is a kind of constitutional court, where the judges were the kings of the peoples united in the Russian state. And these people were primarily priests, who watched not only the people, but also the clergy. In addition to the monastic lands that had their own charter. You can read what the monasteries of Russia are in my miniature "The Retired Goat Drummer". Later, during the formation of the church hierarchy, the princes of the church would appear.

The boyars owned the hereditary estates of the land - estates, in which they possessed absolute power, however, the main source of the feudal duties of the ratais in favor of the boyars was debt dependence, which was also significantly limited by Vladimir Monomakh at the beginning of the 12th century.

After the strengthening of the power of the grand dukes, starting in the second half of the XIV century, the estate of serving feudal lords - nobles - began to grow. Landless princes also began to be called boyars. The so-called good boyars arose, who occupied certain economic positions at the prince's court, which were given to them for feeding (for example, equestrian, falconer, chasnichy, bed-sitter, okolnichy, armorer, etc.). In the XIV-XV centuries, with the emergence of a centralized state, the property and political rights of the boyars were significantly limited; so, by the end of the 15th century, the right of the vassals to leave the suzerain was abolished.

The boyars' throated hat, although ancient, is not older than the boyars themselves, and it appears in Russian history only in the 15th century.

The throated hat is an old headdress common in Russia in the 15th-17th centuries. Such fur hats could be worn exclusively by representatives of the boyar class (later, in connection with the union of the boyars and princes, they were also worn by the latter). For the manufacture of such wardrobe items, special fur was used, collected from the throat area of martens, sables or foxes. This throaty fur gave the name to the hat. The headdress looked like a cylinder with a wide top and a narrower base. The crown of the fur cylinder was trimmed with expensive fabric - brocade or velvet. Along with throat hats, worms are also mentioned, that is, made of fur taken from the belly of an animal.

Stolbunets - in Ancient Russia, a female noblewoman's headdress in the form of a cylinder made of sable or satin fur, velvet, silk with an expensive fur trim. The columnar hat was high and resembled a man's throaty hat, but tapering upwards and had an additional fur trim on the back of the head.

And here is the first surprise: the Russian chronicler claims that the hat was usually not worn on the head, but was held on the bend of the left hand, while there was a different headdress on the head. The Tsar and the boyars were the only people in the temple who did not take off their hats.

These are the times! An inexplicable privilege again!

By the end of the 17th century, many noble boyar families died out, others became economically weakened, and the non-titled boyars and nobility acquired great importance. Therefore, in the 17th century, the differences between boyars and nobles were erased, in particular, between hereditary (patrimonial) and local land ownership, which was formally abolished in 1714. The abolition of parochialism in 1682 finally undermined the influence of the boyars. The title of boyar was not formally canceled by Peter I, since the beginning of the 18th century 4 cases of awarding this title to P. M. Apraksin, Yu. F. Shakhovsky, P. I. Buturlin have been recorded. The last Russian boyar was S. P. Neledinsky-Meletsky, granted in 1725 by Catherine I. The last long-liver with the boyar title was I. Yu. Trubetskoy, who died on January 27, 1750.

And again surprise: what kind of a granted title is it, since it was not inherited, but only had a place to be with the granted title?

The fact of the matter is that it was transmitted from that and the boyars argued about the right to sit in the Duma above the other, relying on the antiquity of the family. But this was only until the 15th century. By this time, the heirs of the elders of the Slavic tribes either died out or lost the right to boyars because of their pride and disgrace. And in the 15th century, a new type of boyars appeared, wearing throat hats, which existed until the 18th century, but no longer in a hereditary title, but in an official rank.

Sulla Karazhioglu! I hope that you are reading these lines, because now I will introduce the reader to you.

Sulla Karazioglu, Commissioner of the Murder Investigation Division of the Istanbul Municipality. The Turkish Police, subordinate to the General Directorate of Security of Turkey, has a central office in its structure, representative offices in the field and abroad. Regional subdivisions have also been created to carry out some functions. The area of responsibility of the Turkish police includes the territory within the boundaries of the municipality, outside of which there is a gendarmerie.

Sulla is one of the leading specialists in the field of police investigation, known not only in Turkey. This person is fascinated by history and is very worried that the fraternal countries of Turkey and Russia, in Romanov times, listened to the persuasions of the West and began to fight among themselves. The Turk Sulla considers himself a descendant of the Janissaries, who, according to his conviction and modern research, are none other than the most ordinary Cossacks, whom Osman Ataman brought to the shores of the Bosphorus, giving the name of the Great Port - Osmania Atamania. And he also does not see the difference between the teachings of Islam and Ancient Orthodoxy.

Now Sulla is retired and advises the Turkish police, and also teaches at an educational institution that produces wolfhound detectives. Needless to say, Karazhioglu is a member of our virtual operational-investigative group OSG and helped me in many writing of other miniatures. This is an old and experienced detective, Turkish Magre and Inspector Losev.

Now you understand, reader, who smelled the boyar cap and followed the trail of its wearers?

Rahmat to you, Mr. Sulla Karazhioglu !!!

The Byzantine Empire ceased to exist after the fall of Constantinople (1453) and the ancestors of my friend Sulla reigned on the coast of the Bosphorus. This is the most important and significant event of that time. The Second Rome fell !!! And the Third rose in Russia !!!

Constantinople, Istanbul, Rome, Troy, Yorosalem, Byzantium are all the names of the same city where the biblical events took place in the 12th century: the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ. The ancestors of modern Turks avenged their prophet Isa, who occupies one of the most important places in Islam. If the reader compares the Russian spiritual book Palia (and the second Helm), which until the 16th century replaced the Bible in Russia, then he learns that there is no difference between them and the Koran, and the inscriptions on the Jericho helmet-hat of the Russian Tsar contain the sayings of the Koran-Palia-Helm … And he also learns that orthodoxy is translated as orthodoxy, and not Orthodoxy, and ancient Christians are the same orthodox people as Muslims, as evidenced by numerous firmans to Russian churches still standing in Istanbul. But papal and Lutheran ones are not there.

I have already said in other works that the struggle between Christ and the Antichrist is nothing more than the struggle of two Byzantine dynasties: the Comnenos and the Angels of Satan.

The first are the relatives of Jesus (I deliberately write this name according to the Old Believer and Islamic tradition), whose mother, Mary the Mother of God, was a Russian princess, and not a Jewish girl from the royal family of David. After the crucifixion in 1182, the Byzantine emperor Andronicus (Isus), his relatives fled to Russia and founded a powerful state there, destroying Khazaria.

Russia immediately and unconditionally accepted the teachings of Christ, which in no way contradicted the monotheism that had always existed in Russia. All fairy tales about paganism were invented by the Vatican. The pantheon of the gods of Ancient Russia is fully consistent with modern Christianity.

The second are the relatives of the Angel of Satan, the man who gave the world the dynasty of Angels and crucified Christ in Byzantium on Mount Beykos, over the Jordan Strait (it would later become the Bosphorus, at the time of the victory of the ancestors of my Turkish friend over Byzantium). The angel Isaac Satan is not of royal blood, but a rebel from his inner circle, who has created a group of like-minded people around him. The Latins will bring him to power. They will also bring him a second time, after the overthrow and flight. Satan hails from Khazaria, where the top of the government professed Judaism, and here it was born.

Tell me, reader, does his name tell you nothing?

However, the Angels of Satan did not rule in the Second Rome for long and they fled to their ancestral estates, to Khazaria, where they created Judaism, which they tried to plant as an official faith in Byzantium.

Russia defeated Khazaria and its people partly fled to Europe, partly assimilated with the Slavs, who called the Khazars rabichichi.

Another part of them fled to Europe, where they created a bank interest and a symbiosis of Christianity with Judaism - Catholicism.

The confrontation between financial tycoons and their papism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism and Russia is nothing more than an echo of biblical events. The wars of Europe and the Anglo-Saxons are the wars of the Angels with the Comnenes for world domination and the restoration of the world empire.

It should be noted that the First Rome was founded by people in Egypt and its kings were considered the descendants of the gods, the demigods themselves. This phenomenon is observed both among the Byzantine rulers and among the Russian tsars, who considered themselves their descendants. It's just that the dynasty migrated from Egypt to Byzantium, and then to Russia.

The first mentions of boyars in throat hats date back to the second half of the 15th century, when the relatives of Isus came to Russia and were forced to flee from Byzantium. So they will take the place of the former boyars and bring a new insignia to Russia.

Sulla was tasked with establishing who and under what circumstances wore (and whether) throat caps in Byzantium. And I must say, the old operas did not spoil the furrow.

Here is an excerpt from his letter in Russian translation:

“I managed to get into the territory of the Colosseum in Istanbul. I will not describe how I succeeded, because there is now a madrasah-gymnasium and access to the Colosseum is closed, but what I came up with reminded me of my youth in the search. Adrenaline went off scale !!!

I found old frescoes there and I am sending you a photo of them. As you can see, they depict your "Russian boyars" in those hats, for the sake of which I became an adventurer in my old age.

My friend, I know who these people were who wore such an unusual outfit, because there are many of them on the walls and they perform the same functions. These are the priests !!! And the meaning of their headdress is that it means the number of sacrificial animals brought to the altar. I assume (I agree! - author's note) that the hat was sewn from the throat and womb, depending on the method of sacrifice. There, some priests slaughter lambs by the throats, and others by the belly, and at the same time their clothes differ in color. And they also serve the basileus in the performance of prayer and are present at his council, taking a separate place from all others. They are very distinguished, because the people give them royal honors."

Ah yes Sulla, ah yes the Tatarva is not baptized! My dear brother! The human being is not indifferent! May Allah bless you and the prophet Isa asks him for intercession for your good deeds! And also save you Christ and my Slavic God. It seems that you and I believe in the same Creator. But Judaism and its varieties that settled in Christianity clearly believe in another.

The Old Believers do not know the Old Testament, considering it the main character of the God of evil, who pays great attention to bodily rather than mental problems.

So, here's the charge:

The Romanovs, having organized a coup d'etat during the Great Troubles, completely perverted the history of the great people, its culture and spiritual heritage, destroying the reform of Patriarch Nikon, the true teaching of Christ and the people who kept it - the Byzantine and Russian boyars. It was during the time of Peter that the image of stupid and mentally abnormal boyars was created, clinging to ancient traditions and wishing to lead the life of the state within the framework of the laws of ancient orthodoxy. It was during the time of the first Romanovs that the destruction of the boyar families began, and the title became common, meaning ordinary nobles, who were the prince's retinue, that is, the military estate. The decree on the service of the boyar ignoramuses, of the time of Peter, finally interrupted the rule of the hereditary priests and guardians of the ancient religion, who only asserted what the king accepted, checking the innovation for compliance with ancient laws.

I correctly defined the Boyar Duma as a modern constitutional court or the later Peter's Synod together with the Senate. Something similar exists today. This is the papal conclave of cardinals. True, this is only a faded semblance of the greatness of the Russian Tsar, but the Pope completely copied the system of government of his Russian overlord and used it during the Great Troubles.

It remains to find out how many boyars existed in Russia, and how did their number change in different years?

Before the fall of Byzantium and the reign of Ivan the Third the Great, there were only 5 of them. It was during his reign that the number of boyars increased due to their flight from Byzantium. It was then that surnames with Greek and Byzantine roots appeared among the Russian boyars.

Ivan III from 5 to 21

Vasily III to 38

Ivan the Terrible up to 48

Fedor I Ioannovich to 25

(Did you notice a decrease in the number of boyars? Everything is simple, the Troubles began and these births were simply cut out)

Boris Godunov U26

False Dmitry I to 41

(again an increase, at the expense of the newly granted boyars)

Vasily Shuisky under 36

Seven Boyarschina up to 30

Mikhail Fedorovich U28

Alexey Mikhailovich up to 33

Fedor III Alekseevich to 47 in 1676

(distribution of boyars to loyal Romanov families)

Peter I before 70 in 1686

(transformation of boyars into a service title)

up to 26 in 1691

(the destruction of the old clans and the formation of new ones - Romanov, for example, the uncle of Tsar Peter - Romodanovsky)

Then came the introduction of the Table of Ranks and Ranks, where no place was found for the boyars, and their title began to denote an ancient family in general, gradually turning into a familiar master.

However, the story would not be complete if I, again, did not return to the letter of the Turkish detective.

“I don’t know if it’s true, but old people say that these hats were worn with an instrument for writing and for making sacrifices, and they themselves were nothing more than a tube for storing it, which had a lid on top. I still remember such scribes who sat at the bazaar in Galata, and put their belongings in such hats, which they either carried in their hands or put them on their heads. There were, as it were, two chambers in this cap, the lower one for the head and the upper one for storing the instrument. Probably, our hat with you was worn only in public places, as a sign of special solemnity, but it was simply worn in our hands, as we now wear diplomats, only on the bend of the left hand. It is a symbol of power, like that of your king. Only that one has an orb and a scepter, while the boyars have a hat and a staff with a pomegranate on it (a sign of a priest of Byzantium)."

The meticulous Turk was right.

Russian boyar hats were also an element of the interior. Boyar hats were made from silver fox or marten fur. The hat was put on a special wooden bust blank, painted like a portrait of the owner of the house and the owner of the hat. On the disc itself, the whole clan of the boyar was described, until the earliest times, and all his titles and possessions. Thus, the hat became a prestigious element of the interior of the boyar house and gave rise to the Russian and European coat of arms, which is crowned with exactly such a blank (helmet), only in knightly armor (a tribute to European trends) with a crown of dignity (count, species, duke, prince, etc.) …

However, I found out exactly what was stored in the upper chamber of the boyar's throat cap! Judge for yourself: Russia did not know sacrifices, and therefore I indignantly sweep aside the priestly instrument necessary for Byzantium in Russia. Be that as it may, the boyar is still ours, even though he is a refugee. Scribes, the same, do not fit: this is not a boyar's business - there is a yaryzh for this.

Here it should be remembered that Russia did not know pockets, but our people carried bags, in which they put valuable things. They also used belt pouches or hid things in long sleeves, with slits in the elbows. But what did the messenger do with an important dispatch or, say, a passport? Well, of course I sewed it into a hat! Such cases are described quite often. So is it possible that the boyar is more stupid than the messenger? But documents about the antiquity of the boyar's clan, about the granting of a patrimony to him, etc. were sewn into the throat hat. The scrolls were kept there. Therefore, it was precisely the fur that was taken from the throat and abdomen that was used: throat and gut, as the most water-repellent and strongest. And the boyar cap played the role of a tube: the more privileges the royal charter granted, the higher the cap. Expansion to the top is also understandable: it is convenient to put it on the floor, and documents or something else can be put in the lower head chamber. He pushed his hat to him and take out what you need in front of the royal eyes.

The disgraced boyar was executed in his own way in a civil execution. If a sword broke over the head of a nobleman, deprived of this dignity, then the boyar's cap was simply burned, which gave rise to the Russian proverb: "On a thief and a hat burns." Here are just a thief in Russia called the sovereign criminals, disgraced boyars and nobles, and the common people were tatem.

So, the reader is employed by retired police bloodhounds. Needless to say, they perfectly know how to work, not constrained by instructions and other "not letting go". They work creatively by sensing the interest of the reader and wanting to satisfy their own curiosity.

By the way, Sulla suggested to me one more feature of the Byzantine's clothing. He looked through many engravings of the past and compared with the frescoes of the Colosseum in Istanbul, he saw one feature: the Byzantine had a stand-up collar, and the Russian had a turn-down collar.

So, wake up, boyar! You could not resist the virtual OSG, which the author is incredibly happy about, ending the miniature with verses:

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