The wonderful world that we have lost. Part 5

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Today, the largest land animal on Earth is the African elephant. The body length of a male elephant reaches 7.5 meters, its height is more than 3 meters and weighs up to 6 tons. At the same time, he consumes from 280 to 340 kg per day. leaves, which is quite a lot. In India, they say that if there is an elephant in a village, it means that it is rich enough to feed it.

The smallest land animal on Earth is the Paedophryne frog. Its minimum length is about 7, 7 mm, and the maximum - no more than 11, 3 mm. The smallest bird, and also the smallest warm-blooded animal, is the hummingbird-bee, living in Cuba, its size is only 5 cm.

The minimum and maximum sizes of animals on our planet are not at all random. They are determined by the physical parameters of the environment on the Earth's surface, primarily by gravity and atmospheric pressure. The force of gravity tries to flatten the body of any animal, turning it into a flat pancake, especially since the body of animals is 60-80% water. The biological tissues that make up the body of animals try to interfere with this gravity, and atmospheric pressure helps them in this. On the surface of the Earth, the atmosphere presses with a force of 1 kg per square meter. see surfaces, which is a very tangible help in the fight against the Earth's gravity.

It is interesting that the strength of the materials that make up the body of animals limits not only the maximum size due to the mass, but also the minimum size due to the strength of the bones of the skeleton with a decrease in their thickness. Very thin bones, which are located inside a small organism, simply will not withstand the resulting loads and will break or bend, not providing the necessary rigidity when performing movements. Therefore, in order to further reduce the size of organisms, it is necessary to change the general structure of the body and move from the internal skeleton to the external one, that is, instead of bones covered with muscles and skin, make an external hard shell, and place all organs and muscles inside. Having done such a transformation, we get insects with their strong outer chitinous cover, which replaces them with a skeleton and gives the necessary mechanical rigidity to ensure movement.

But such a scheme for constructing living organisms also has its own limitations on size, especially with its increase, since the mass of the outer shell will grow very quickly, as a result of which the animal itself will become too heavy and clumsy. With an increase in the linear dimensions of an organism by three times, the surface area, which has a quadratic dependence on the size, will increase by 9 times. And since the mass depends on the volume of the substance, which has a cubic dependence on the linear dimensions, then both the volume and the mass will increase by 27 times. At the same time, so that the outer chitinous shell does not collapse with an increase in the insect's body weight, it will have to be made thicker and thicker, which will further increase its weight. Therefore, the maximum size of insects today is 20-30 cm, while the average size of insects is in the region of 5-7 cm, that is, it borders on the minimum size of vertebrates.

The largest insect today is considered the tarantula "Terafosa Blonda", the largest of the caught specimens of which was 28 cm in size.

The minimum insect size is less than a millimeter, the smallest wasp from the Myramid family has a body size of only 0.12 mm, but problems with building a multicellular organism are already beginning there, since this organism becomes too small to build it from individual cells.

Our modern technogenic civilization uses exactly the same principle when designing cars. Our small cars have a load-bearing body, that is, an external skeleton and are analogous to insects. But as the size increases, the load-bearing body, which would withstand the necessary loads, becomes too heavy, and we move on to using a structure with a strong frame inside, to which all other elements are attached, that is, to a scheme with an internal strong skeleton. All medium and large trucks and buses are built according to this scheme. But since we use other materials and solve other problems than Nature, the limiting dimensions of the transition from a scheme with an external skeleton to a scheme with an internal skeleton in the case of cars are also different for us.

If we look into the ocean, the picture there is somewhat different. Water has a much higher density than the earth's atmosphere, which means it exerts more pressure. Therefore, the maximum size limits for animals are much larger. The largest marine animal living on Earth, the blue whale, grows up to 30 meters in length and can weigh over 180 tons. But this weight is almost completely compensated by the water pressure. Anyone who has ever swum in water knows about "hydraulic zero gravity".

The analogue of insects in the ocean, that is, animals with an external skeleton, are arthropods, in particular crabs. A denser environment and additional pressure in this case also lead to the fact that the limiting sizes of such animals are much larger than on land. The body length of the Japanese spider crab together with its paws can reach 4 meters, with the shell size up to 60-70 cm. And many other arthropods living in the water are noticeably larger than land insects.

I have cited these examples as a clear confirmation of the fact that the physical parameters of the environment directly affect the limiting sizes of living organisms, as well as the "transition boundary" from a scheme with an external skeleton to a scheme with an internal skeleton. From this it is quite easy to come to the conclusion that some time ago the physical parameters of the habitat on land were also different, since we have a lot of facts that indicate that land animals existed on Earth much larger than now.

Thanks to the efforts of Hollywood, today it is difficult to find a person who would not know anything about dinosaurs, giant reptiles, the remains of which are found in large quantities all over the planet. There are even so-called "dinosaur graveyards", where in one place they find a large number of bones from many animals of different species, both herbivores and predators together. Official science cannot come up with a clear explanation of why individuals of completely different species and ages came and died in this particular place, although if we analyze the relief, then most of the known "dinosaur graveyards" are located in places where animals were simply washed away by some powerful water flow from a certain territory, that is, in about the same way as now mountains of garbage are formed in places of congestion on rivers during a flood, where it is washed away from the entire flooded area.

But now we are more interested in the fact that, judging by the bones found, these animals reached enormous sizes. Among the dinosaurs known today, there are species whose weight exceeded 100 tons, the height exceeded 20 meters (if measured by the neck extended upwards), and the total body length was 34 meters.

The problem is that such giant animals cannot exist under the current physical parameters of the environment. Biological tissues have tensile strength, and such science as "resistance of materials" suggests that such giants will not have enough strength in tendons, muscles and bones to move normally. When the first researchers appeared, who pointed to the fact that a dinosaur weighing under 80 tons simply could not move on land, official science quickly came up with an explanation that most of the time such giants spent in water in "shallow water", sticking out only their head on a long neck. But this explanation, alas, is not suitable for explaining the size of giant flying lizards, which, with their size, had a mass that did not allow them to fly normally. And now these lizards are declared "semi-flying", that is, they flew badly, sometimes, mostly jumping and gliding from cliffs or trees.

But we have exactly the same problem with ancient insects, the size of which is also noticeably larger than we observe now. The wingspan of the ancient dragonfly Meganeuropsis permiana was up to 1 meter, and the dragonfly lifestyle does not fit well with simple planning and jumping off cliffs or trees to start.

African elephants are the limiting size of land animals that is possible with today's physical environment on the planet. And for the existence of dinosaurs, these parameters must be changed, first of all, to increase the pressure of the atmosphere and, most likely, to change its composition.

To make it clearer how this works, I'll give you a simple example.

If we take a children's balloon, then it can only be inflated to a certain limit, after which the rubber shell will rupture. If you simply inflate a balloon without bringing it to rupture, and then place it in a chamber in which you begin to lower the pressure by pumping out air, then after a while the balloon will also burst, since the internal pressure will no longer be compensated by the external one. If you start to increase the pressure in the chamber, then your ball will begin to "deflate", that is, decrease in size, since the increased air pressure inside the ball will begin to be compensated by the external increasing pressure and the elasticity of the rubber shell will begin to restore its shape, and it becomes more difficult to break it.

Roughly the same thing happens with bones. If you take a soft wire, such as copper, then it bends quite easily. If the same thin wire is placed in some elastic medium, for example, in foam rubber, then despite the relative softness of the entire structure, its rigidity as a whole turns out to be higher than that of both components separately. If we take a denser material or compress the foam rubber taken in the first case to increase its density, then the rigidity of the entire structure will become even higher.

In other words, an increase in atmospheric pressure also leads to an increase in the strength and density of biological tissues.

When I was already working on this article, a wonderful article by Alexey Artemyev from Izhevsk appeared on the Kramol portal "Atmospheric pressure and salt - evidence of a catastrophe" … This also explains the concept of osmotic pressure in living cells. At the same time, the author mentions that the osmotic pressure of blood plasma is 7.6 atm, which indirectly indicates that the atmospheric pressure should be higher. The salinity of the blood provides additional pressure that compensates for the pressure within the cells. If we increase the pressure of the atmosphere, then the salinity of the blood can be reduced without the risk of destruction of the cell membranes. Alexey describes in detail an example of an experiment with erythrocytes in his article.

Now about what is not in the article. The magnitude of the osmotic pressure depends on the salinity of the blood; in order to increase it, it is necessary to increase the salt content in the blood. But this cannot be done indefinitely, since a further increase in the salt content in the blood already begins to lead to a disruption in the functioning of the body, which is already working at the limit of its capabilities. That is why there are a lot of articles about the dangers of salt, about the need to give up salty food, etc. In other words, the level of blood salinity observed today, which provides an osmotic pressure of 7.6 atm, is a kind of compromise option, in which the internal pressure of cells is partially compensated, and at the same time, vital biochemical processes can still proceed.

And since the internal and external pressures are not fully compensated, this means that the cell membranes are in a tense "taut" state, resembling inflated balloons. In turn, this lowers both the overall strength of the cell membranes, and hence the biological tissue that consists of them, and their ability to further stretch, that is, the overall elasticity.

An increase in atmospheric pressure allows not only to lower the salinity of blood, but also additionally increases the strength and elasticity of biological tissues by removing unnecessary stress on the outer membranes of cells. What does this give in practice? For example, the additional elasticity of tissues relieves problems in all viviparous organisms, since the birth canal opens more easily and is less damaged. Isn't it for this reason in the Old Testament, when the "Lord" expels people from Paradise, as a punishment he declares to Eve "I will torment your pregnancy, you will bear children in agony." (Genesis 3:16). After the planetary catastrophe (expulsion from Paradise), arranged by the "Lord" (the invaders of the Earth), the pressure of the atmosphere dropped, the elasticity and strength of biological tissues decreased, and because of this, the process of childbirth became painful, often accompanied by ruptures and trauma.

Let's see what an increase in atmospheric pressure on the planet gives us. The habitat is getting better or worse from the point of view of living organisms.

We have already found out that an increase in pressure will lead to an increase in the elasticity and strength of biological tissues, as well as to a decrease in salt intake, which is an undoubted plus for all living organisms.

Higher atmospheric pressure increases its thermal conductivity and heat capacity, which should have a positive effect on the climate, since the atmosphere will retain more heat and will redistribute it more evenly. This is also a plus for the biosphere.

The increasing density of the atmosphere makes it easier to fly. Increasing the pressure by 4 times already allows the winged lizards to fly freely, without having to jump off cliffs or tall trees. But there is also a negative point. A denser atmosphere has more resistance when driving, especially when driving fast. Therefore, for fast movement, it will be necessary to have a streamlined aerodynamic shape. But if we look at animals, it turns out that the overwhelming majority of them have everything in perfect order with streamlining of the body. I believe that the denser atmosphere in which the shape of the organisms of their ancestors was formed made a significant contribution to the fact that these bodies became well streamlined.

By the way, higher air pressure makes aeronautics much more profitable, that is, the use of devices lighter than air. Moreover, all types, both based on the use of gases lighter than air, and based on heating the air. And if you can fly, then there is no point in building roads and bridges. It is possible that this fact explains the absence of ancient capital roads on the territory of Siberia, as well as the numerous references to "flying ships" in the folklore of residents of various countries.

Another interesting effect that comes from increasing the density of the atmosphere. At today's pressure, the free fall speed of the human body is about 140 km / h. When colliding with the solid surface of the Earth at such a speed, a person dies, as the body receives serious damage. But air resistance is directly proportional to the pressure of the atmosphere, so if we increase the pressure by 8 times, then, other things being equal, the speed of free fall also decreases by 8 times. Instead of 140 km / h, you fall at a speed of 17.5 km / h. A collision with the Earth's surface at this speed is also not pleasant, but no longer fatal.

Higher pressure means more air density, that is, more gas atoms in the same volume. In turn, this means the acceleration of gas exchange processes that go on in all animals and plants. It is necessary to dwell on this point in more detail, since the opinion of official science about the effect of increased air pressure on living organisms is very contradictory.

On the one hand, it is believed that high blood pressure has a harmful effect on all living organisms. It is recognized that higher atmospheric pressure improves the absorption of gases into the bloodstream, but it is believed to be very harmful to living organisms. When the pressure rises by 2-3 times due to the more intense absorption of nitrogen into the blood after a while, usually 2-4 hours, the nervous system starts to malfunction and even a phenomenon called "nitrogen anesthesia" occurs, that is, loss of consciousness. It is better absorbed into the blood and oxygen, which leads to the so-called "oxygen poisoning". For this reason, special gas mixtures are used for deep diving, in which the oxygen content is reduced, and an inert gas, usually helium, is added instead of nitrogen. For example, the Trimix 10/50 special deep diving gas contains only 10% oxygen and 50% helium. Reducing the nitrogen content allows you to increase the time spent at depth, as it reduces the rate of occurrence of "nitrogen narcosis".

It is also interesting that at normal atmospheric pressure for normal breathing, the human body requires at least 17% oxygen in the air. But if we increase the pressure to 3 atmospheres (3 times), then only 6% oxygen is enough, which also confirms the fact of better suction of gases from the atmosphere with increasing pressure.

However, despite a number of positive effects that are recorded with an increase in pressure, in general, a deterioration in the functioning of living land organisms is recorded, from which official science concludes that life with an increased atmospheric pressure is allegedly impossible.

Now let's see what is wrong here and how we are misled. For all these experiments, they take a person or some other living organism that was born, grew up and got used to living, that is, he adapted the course of all biological processes, at the existing pressure of 1 atmosphere. When carrying out such experiments, the pressure of the environment into which the given organism is placed is sharply increased several times and "unexpectedly" it is discovered that the experimental organism became ill from this or even died. But in fact, this is the expected result. This is how it should be with any organism, which is dramatically altered by one of the important parameters of the environment to which it is accustomed, to which its life processes are adapted. At the same time, no one set up experiments on a gradual change in pressure, so that a living organism had time to adapt and rebuild its internal processes for life with increased pressure. At the same time, the fact of the onset of "nitrogen anesthesia" with an increase in pressure, that is, loss of consciousness, may be the result of such an attempt, when the body forcibly enters a state of deep sleep, that is, "anesthesia", since it is urgently necessary to correct internal processes, and to do this, according to The body can only research Ivan Pigarev during sleep, turning off consciousness.

It is also interesting how the official science tries to explain the presence of giant insects in antiquity. They believe that the main reason for this was the excess of oxygen in the atmosphere. At the same time, it is very interesting to read the conclusions of these "scientists". They experiment on insect larvae by placing them in additional oxygenated water. At the same time, they find out that these larvae in such conditions grow noticeably faster and grow larger. And then a stunning conclusion is drawn from this! It turns out that this is because oxygen is a poison !!! And in order to protect themselves from the poison, the larvae begin to assimilate it faster and thanks to this they grow better !!! The logic of these "scientists" is simply amazing.

Where does the excess oxygen in the atmosphere come from? There are some vague explanations for this, such as there were many swamps, thanks to which a lot of additional oxygen was released. Moreover, it was almost 50% more than it is now. How a large number of swamps should have contributed to an increase in oxygen release is not explained, but oxygen can only be produced during one biological process - photosynthesis. But in swamps, there is usually an active process of decay of the remains of organic matter that gets there, which, on the contrary, leads to the active formation and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. That is, both ends meet.

Now let's look at the facts that are presented in the article from the other side.

Increased oxygen uptake actually benefits living organisms, especially during the initial growth phase. If oxygen were a poison, then no accelerated growth should be observed. When we try to place an adult organism in an environment with a high oxygen content, an effect can occur that is similar to poisoning, which is a consequence of a violation of the established biochemical processes, adapted to an environment with a low oxygen content. If a person goes hungry for a long time, and then they give him a lot of food, then he too will feel bad, poisoning will occur, which can even cause death, since his body has become unaccustomed to normal food, including the need to remove decay products that arise during the digestion of food. To prevent this from happening, people are gradually withdrawn from a long hunger strike.

Increasing the pressure of the atmosphere has an effect similar to increasing the oxygen content at normal pressure. That is, no hypothetical swamps are required, which, for some reason, instead of carbon dioxide, begin to emit additional oxygen. The percentage of oxygen is the same, but due to the increased pressure, it dissolves in liquids better, both in the blood of animals and in water, that is, we get the conditions of the experiment with insect larvae, which are described above.

It is difficult to say what was the initial pressure of the atmosphere and what was its gas composition. Now we cannot find out experimentally. There was information that when studying air bubbles that froze in pieces of amber, it was found that the gas pressure in them is 9-10 atmospheres, but there are some questions:

In 1988, exploring the prehistoric atmosphere of the air conserved in pieces of amber with an age of about 80 ml. years, the American geologists G. Landis and R. Berner found that in the Cretaceous period the atmosphere was significantly different not only in the composition of gases, but also in density. The pressure was then 10 times higher. It was the "thick" air that allowed the lizards to fly with a wingspan of about 10 m, the scientists concluded.

The scientific correctness of G. Landis and R. Berner still has to doubt. Of course, measuring the air pressure in the amber bubbles is a very difficult technical task, and they coped with it. But one must take into account that amber, like any organic resin, dried out over such a long period; due to the loss of volatile substances, it became denser and, naturally, squeezed the air in it. Hence the increased pressure.

In other words, this method does not allow to assert with accuracy that the atmospheric pressure was exactly 10 times more than it is now. It was larger than the modern one, since the "drying" of amber is no more than 20% of the original volume, that is, due to this process, the air pressure in the bubbles could not increase 10 times. It also raises great doubts that amber can be stored for millions of years, since it is an organic compound that is quite fragile and vulnerable. You can read more about this in the article "Taking Care of Amber" He is afraid of temperature changes, he is afraid of mechanical stress, he is afraid of direct rays of the Sun, it oxidizes in the air, burns beautifully. And at the same time we are assured that this "mineral" could lie in the Earth for millions of years and at the same time be perfectly preserved?

A more likely value is in the region of 6-8 atmospheres, which is in good agreement with the osmotic pressure inside the body, and with an increase in pressure when pieces of amber dry out. And here we come to another interesting point.

First, we are not aware of natural processes that could lead to a decrease in the pressure of the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth can lose part of the atmosphere either in the event of a collision with a sufficiently large celestial body, when part of the atmosphere simply flies into space by inertia, or as a result of massive bombardment of the Earth's surface with atomic bombs or large meteorites, when, as a result of the release of a large amount of heat at the moment of explosion, part of the atmosphere also thrown into near-earth space.

Secondly, the change in pressure could not immediately drop from 6-8 atmospheres to the current one, that is, decrease by 6-8 times. Living organisms simply could not adapt to such a sharp change in environmental parameters. Experiments show that a change in pressure by no more than two times does not kill living organisms, although it has a noticeable negative effect on them. This means that several such planetary catastrophes should have happened, after each of which the pressure should have dropped by 1.5 - 2 times. In order for the pressure to drop from 8 atmospheres to the current 1 atmosphere, decreasing each time by 1.5 times, 5 catastrophes are necessary. Moreover, if we go from the current value of 1 atmosphere, increasing each time the value by 1.5 times, then we will receive the following series of values: 1.5, 2.25, 3, 375, 5, 7, 59. The last number is especially interesting, which practically corresponds to osmotic pressure of blood plasma of 7.6 atm.

While collecting materials for this article, I came across the work of Sergei Leonidov “The Flood. Myth, Legend or Reality?”, Which also contains a very interesting collection of facts. Although I do not agree with all the conclusions of the author, this is a different topic, and now I would like to draw your attention to the following graph presented in this work, which analyzes the age of biblical characters.

At the same time, the author develops his theory of the flood, as the only cataclysm described in the Bible, therefore he selects a horizontal section to the left of the vertical line of the flood, and to the right tries to approximate the obtained values with a smooth curve, although there are clearly read characteristic "steps" that I highlighted in red, between which are just five transitions that correspond to planetary catastrophes. These catastrophes led to a decrease in atmospheric pressure, that is, worsened the parameters of the habitat, which caused a reduction in the life of a Man.

Another important conclusion that follows from the stated facts. All of these disasters are not "accidental" or "natural." They were organized by some intelligent force that knew exactly what it was trying to achieve, so it carefully calculated the impact force for each disaster to get the desired effect. All these meteorites and large celestial bodies did not fall to Earth by themselves. It was the aggressive influence of an external civilization-invader, under whose hidden occupation the Earth is still.