Stone block casting

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Petrified Wood - A Clue In Getting Granite? A macro shot of a petrified tree. As you can see, all organic matter is replaced by inorganic crystalline compounds. Calcite, and possibly quartzite. How can this happen? Chemical reactions. Where carbon is displaced from the compounds and replaced by silicon or calcium. There is a fact, but none of the materials scientists, geologists bothered to write a PhD or doctoral thesis on this topic and tell the public how it happens in nature. Or how can this be accelerated (if there is a process itself, then it can definitely be accelerated)?

Only the structure remained in which the organic was replaced by inorganic

In geology, petrification or petrification is the process by which organic material is converted to stone through the replacement of the original material and filling the original pore space with minerals.

In some, the structure is less crystalline, but still stone.

So far, one thing is clear - this can happen only in the complete absence of oxygen, as a necessary element for the nutrition of bacteria and fungi that decompose wood. Those. these trunks lay in water for a long time or in brine from a solution of minerals. Here is what foreign researchers write about the petrification processes:

Permineralization … Fossils created through this process tend to contain most of the original specimen material. This process occurs when groundwater containing dissolved minerals (usually quartz, calcite, pyrite, siderite (iron carbonate), and apatite (calcium phosphate)) fills the pores and cavities of specimens, especially bone, shells, or wood.

Silicification - a process in which organic matter becomes wet in water containing quartz. A common source of quartz is volcanic material.

Pyritization - a process similar to silicification, but instead involves the displacement of iron and sulfur in the pores and cavities of the body. Pyritization can lead to both hard fossils as well as retained soft tissues. In marine environments, pyritization occurs when organisms are found in sediments containing high concentrations of iron sulfides.

Substitution. The second process involved in fossilization occurs when water containing dissolved minerals dissolves the body's original solid material, which is then replaced by the minerals. This can take place extremely slowly, mimicking the microscopic structure of the body. The slower the pace of the process, the better the specific microscopic structure will be. The minerals commonly involved in replacement are calcite, quartz, pyrite and hematite.

There are findings that say that the petrification of organic matter does not take place over millions of years, but in just hundreds, and maybe tens:

Petrified leg in a cowboy boot. A source

A fossilized finger in a rock more than 100 million years old. A source

Iron hammer in the rock

Petrified tissue in the rock

If we assume that granites are not of magmatic origin, but also a product of crystallization, petrification of a certain solution, slurry, then this idea does not cause any contradictions in my mind.

Granite structure. Grains of minerals. Including quartzite.

The article CHEMISTRY OF FORMATION OF ROCKS OF MEGALITES I tried to theoretically advance in the direction of how to get rocks: granite, syenite not from melt, but from solution. But for now, this is all theory.

Let's move on to examples of stone casting in ancient times: Basalt rugs

Please note that at the bottom left - the basalt goes under the granite, so melting of the basalt can be excluded. But nevertheless, it is very likely that the basalt was melted! In order to somewhat limit possible fantasies at once - The picture was taken between Sakkara and Dashur, in the desert, in the doorway of a building, a conditional temple, far from the main and not very tourist paths, outside the area of archaeologists' activity.

(Photo from the LAI expedition 2011, by Pizza) Source

Pyramids of Giza. Officially - poor quality limestone. But it looks like just poor quality casting

On top of the blocks, one can see nodules and a ridge. This will not happen when sawing

It's kind of like restoration here. But why not flush with the edge of the block?

Restoration - brickwork, plastered under blocks. But why is it so difficult? There is a lot of wreckage in the area. It was possible to mold props from them.

Was something hidden behind the masonry or such a primitive restoration?

Baalbek. Granite Columns - Reconstruction or?

Inside - something like concrete on large rubble. Officially, it was made of concrete with large rubble. But it looks as if it was a hollow granite column that was filled with mortar on gravel.

Photo of the Column of Alexandria, processed in photo filters

Photo of Isaac's columns also through photo filters. The explanation that this natural granite had stratification is not suitable here. The column blank is always cut horizontally. And the layers in natural granite would be vertical on the column.

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Isaac's construction. Columns in formwork Read more

Comment by blagotrav: not seen at the construction site in St. Petersburg cranes. Some formwork.

Catherine casting

Znamenskaya Church of Tsarskoe Selo.

Column top

Bottom part

Then why do we need this chamfer (for clamping into the cams of the machine), if the column was not sharpened? Or polished on a machine after?

The mysterious design of the Waffle Stone

On the western shore of Jennings Randolph Lake is a giant piece of rock that has puzzled explorers and visitors alike for years. The imprint on the rock raises controversy over whether it is a geological formation or a remnant of ancient technology.

Trowants. Maybe someone's dumps? Some lime compositions that have not fully reacted with water can expand.

My thoughts are in one of the comments: Pointed peaks of high mountains. Geology says mountain building takes millions of years (plates bump into each other). Over the same millions of years, these peaked ridges would have turned into hills. But we see otherwise. So, if we take the version that many of these mountains are a fresh product: the lithosphere slowed down, everything crumpled into folding and the wave still passed the flood. But the mountains were not always formed from solid layers and subsoil material. Plastic and not yet petrified layers came out and swelled. I will assume that quickly, reacting with CO2 of the air, they turned into stone. But the surviving residents in some places managed to cut them later, after the cataclysm from such masses: blocks, steles, incomprehensible polygonalism, etc. Remember the Pudostky stone near St. Petersburg - in the open air it turned to stone, although it was plastic clay during extraction. And it is very convenient to cut such masses even with a spatula (internal grooves with right angles, which cannot be made even with a modern tool). Everything was simple and even primitive, considering that they were cutting exactly the same geo-concrete, not loved by many. On the islands near Phuket, I once looked at the rock, or rather its masses. A seemingly rain-eaten clay surface. But I could not pick out a grain of sand: the surface is like sandpaper and strong. There is 100% proof that the dolmens were poured into the formwork and then folded into the masonry. In some places in the Caucasus there are outlets of these masses, from which the material was taken for pouring. As in Peru. The ruts of Malta, Turkey and Crimea in tuff fields are not geo-concrete hardened in the air. I do not reject machine work on hard stone, as in granite (although, there are some doubts here too - I did them in my posts). But many cases speak just about the use of geo-concrete with hand tools: saws, spatulas, etc.

I will offer this version. This is all sculpted from a certain composition of plaster mass (except for the statues that did not flow - they are marble). The ancient technologist confused something with the composition and the mixture did not gain strength over time, but began to flow (there was a reverse reaction). A source

Uffizi Gallery. Florence

It is clear that this cannot be done mechanically. This plastic mass was rolled out and rolled into stone cloth.

Rome. Forum. Well, it doesn't look like machining in any way. Notches are like punching

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Stupas in Indonesia. Poured into the formwork, traces of horizontal seams remained

Maybe these are the tables and chairs of the giants?

Observation from jktumir:

A dent in a stone literally on the river bank. This is not an erosion sink. The "side" is visible, its material squeezed out above the plane of the stone

The assumption that this happened at a time when the stone was part of the rock in an unhardened state. Or some processes, quite earthly, can soften the rock?

Observation from i_mar_a:

Subtracted from Vitruvius (Ten Books on Architecture. 1c BC):

8. Other springs, flowing along the fat veins of the earth, knock out, soaked in oil, as, for example, in Solach - the town of Cilicia - a river named Lipar, in which those who swim or bathe are anointed with water itself. Likewise, in Ethiopia there is a lake that anoints the people who swim in it, and in India it emits a huge amount of oil in clear weather, and also in Carthage there is a spring on the surface of which oil that smells like lemon peel floats; and even cattle are usually smeared with this oil. In Zakynthos and in the vicinity of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia there are springs that spew out a huge amount of tar together with the water. In Babylon, on the surface of an extremely wide lake called λίμνη σαφαλτίτίς, there is a liquid mountain pitch floating; from this resin and fired brick, Semiramis built the walls around Babylon. Also in Jope in Syria and the nomads in Arabia have huge lakes, throwing out huge blocks of mountain resin, which are taken away by the surrounding inhabitants.

9. There is nothing surprising in this, for there are quarries of solid mountain resin. Therefore, when water breaks through the deposits of mountain resin, it carries away pieces of it, and when it comes out to the surface of the earth, it separates from it and thus throws out the mountain resin from itself. Also in Cappadocia, on the way between Mazaka and Tiana, there is a vast lake, into which if you lower a piece of reed or something else and take out the next day, then the part taken out of the water will turn out to be petrified, and the remaining above the water will remain in its usual condition.

10. Likewise, at Hierapolis, in Phrygia, many hot springs boil, the water from which is drawn through ditches that flow around the gardens and vineyards. This water forms a stone crust after a year. Therefore, annually, having made earthen walls on the right and left, they draw this water between them and make fences in the fields from the formed crusts. This happens, obviously, for natural reasons, because in those places and under the soil where this water originates, there is a sap like a sourdough, the substance of which, coming out through sources to the surface of the earth in a mixture with water, solidifies from heating by the sun and air. as seen in salt cooling towers.

Yeha (52 km from Axum to the east) Temple of the Moon. Photo of the members of the expedition to Ethiopia. 2008

Crumpled stone blocks are visible, which are possible only when laying plastics Source