The secret of the Tatar-Mongol myth. Continuation

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

The archives of China and Mongolia, as well as Asian Russia, could open the curtain of secrets of Mongolian "power", but they are hidden for the researcher.

Seriously approached the study of Siberia during the time of Empress Catherine II. Among the scientific expedition of that time was the historiographer of the Russian Academy of Sciences Gerard Firidrich Miller, who possesses truly encyclopedic knowledge.

Rich lexicographic knowledge, proficiency in several languages, including Russian, turned his work into an inexhaustible source of knowledge about the peoples of Asiatic Russia and Siberia, his life and history.

His accurate ethnographic reports immediately call into question the reliability of the entire historiography, the so-called "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

"The genealogical history of the Tatars" of Abulgazi Bayadur Khan, in editing and "explaining" some "news", he took part, he calls a fairy tale, written, as the author calls Abulgazi, - from the words of Bukhara merchants.

As well as the works of Petit de Kroa "The Story of the Great Genghis Khan" and Herbelot "From Chinese Books" published by the Jesuit Gobile in Paris in 1739. This is all a continuation of "1001 Nights" …

Miller spent ten long years in Siberia. He visited almost all major cities and towns of the Urals and Siberia, examined their archives and collected a huge amount of scientific material in the form of original documents and their copies, historical and geographical descriptions and questionnaires, richest linguistic and ethnographic data, information on the economy and demography, travel diaries and descriptions.

All this material to this day not only has not lost its scientific value, but is far from being fully studied. It is to this collection that a significant part of the source base on the history of the "Mongol period of Russia", as well as the Time of Troubles, dates back.

It was for the study and consideration of the Time of Troubles that Miller, like Tatishchev, was subjected to disgrace and persecution. Who is behind all this, we can only guess.

In his writings, Miller mentions a talented translator from Chinese and Mongolian manuscripts of the XII-XIV centuries, the Russian clerk Larion Rossokhin, "who collected all the Chinese and Mongolian manuscripts and should give an explanation to this."

But the works of these talented people: Miller, manuscripts, several chests, which Catherine II bought for a lot of money, after the death of the scientist, and the enormous archive of L. Rossokhon are still hidden in the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences and are waiting for their researcher.

The Time of Troubles, it did not arise from scratch, this is not a new home, it is a breaking of old traditions and the establishment of new ones. At the turn of these times, a religious split took place, and consideration of this period can reveal the "secret of the Tatar-Mongol yoke" and "pagan" Russia.

This dark corner of history is easier to see from the point of view of ordinary lay people - foreigners. Nikolai Storozhenkov extracted several letters from the manuscripts of the British Museum regarding the time of Ivan the Terrible and notes several documents:

The Pskov chronicler (in the archive) ascribes the Tsar's intercourse to the instigation of “a certain Nemchin, a fierce sorcerer, called Elisha, whom he sent (Germans and Lithuanians), and quickly loved him as he approached, he placed ferocity on the Russian people, and laid the Tsar on his love for the Germans, and a lot of the clan of the Boyars and the Principality will take to kill Tsareva, the last one will finally bring the hedgehog to the English land, and get married there, and beat the Boyars who have remained”.

This Elisha was a Dutchman by birth, it was the Medic Bomelius, who definitely taught the Tsar to kill, constituted poison, but, accused of intercourse with the Polish King, Bathory, "was put to death (burned) in Moscow."

Other material: "A letter from an Englishman of an eyewitness about the burning of Moscow by the Tatars (???) in 1571" shows that the position of the Terrible Tsar has not improved a little against the situation a year ago.

Although he no longer thought about fleeing overseas, nevertheless, he did not even dare to return to his capital from the banks of the Oka, and made his way with the Oprichnina outskirts to his Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda and further to Rostov (Ottoman Empire !!!).

The reason for this was indeed the intercourse with the Crimean Khan of some of his neighbors from the environment, who wanted to free themselves from eternal fear for their lives.

The sent them led the Krymtsev (!!!) skillfully through the Oka, and then to Moscow itself, in which, as they assured, “for two years there has been a great landmine (famine) and a pestilence, many people died out, and many, in his disgrace, he beat them, but the tsar knocked out everything in the Germans (in Livonia), in the Zemsky and in the Oprichnina; we ourselves are from Oprichnina."

Prince Mikhailo Ivanovich Vorotynsky, one of his governors, later (1572) who later (1572) defeated the same Khan in Molodi, on the bank of Lopasnya (50 versts from Moscow), confessed the same to the Terrible, and Prince Mikhailo Ivanovich Vorotynsky himself, but with the help of the Zemschina …

Moscow then all perished from unparalleled fire, with the exception of only one Kremlin, and all this at 3-4 o'clock, with a terrible multitude of Moscow people and fleeing from the surrounding area: between Arbat streets and Nikitsky), and Moscow the river did not carry the dead "into which corpses were thrown into captivity, since there was nowhere to bury them:" they were put in the wrong place to send the dead to the bottom of the river, "the chronicler notes.

(Was not the famous library of Ivan the Terrible also burned down in this palace?)

Another modern news of this terrible burning of Moscow also belongs to the Englishman, Richard Uscomby: this is his letter to Henry Len, dated August 5, the same 1571. It is printed in the 1st volume: “Hakluyts Collection of the early voyages, travels and discoverie of the English nation. London, 1809, ref. 459. Here it is:

“Mister Len!

My compliments to you. On July 27, I arrived here with Magdalene, and on the same day and hour, Sualou and Harry also came here. Arriving here, I found Mr. Proctor here, from whom we learned very sad news.

Moscow was burned to the ground by the Crimeans on the 24th day of May last, with countless multitudes of people, and Thomas Soweam, Tofield, Weverly, Green's wife with children, two Refa children and more than 25 people died in our cellar in the English house, in which, by Surprisingly, however, Ref, his wife, John Brown and John Clark survived.

Mr. Glouer and Mr. Rowley also came there; but since the heat was too great, they hurried out of it with great danger, so that one fellow, at their heels, was captured by the fire, and they fled with closed eyes to another cellar, where, thanks to God, they were saved.

The tsar fled from the field, and many of his people were taken away by the Crimean Tatars: they did not touch the young and old and left them alone; thus, the Crimeans returned home with extraordinary booty and innumerable prisoners.

On the one hand, the Crimeans, and on the other, the fury of the Tsar, killed many people, so that few people survived. My compliments to your wife, Mistress Len, and also to Mr. Lock and all our friends.

Have your Richard Uscomby."

(A letter of Richard Uscomby to M. Henrie Lane, touching the burning of the Citie of Mosco by the Crimme Tartar, written in Rose Island the 5 day of August 1571.

Master Lane! I haue me commended unto you. The 27 of Iuly I arriued here with the Magdalene, and the same day and houre did the Swalow and Harry arriving here also.) …

There is also a third English news of this incident. It belongs to the ill-fated at home and here, Giles Fletcher.

To Doctor Rights or, as our Article List of his embassy put it about him, "To the Master of the Praying Books of Queen Elizabeth of England," who was in the Moscow State 17 years after the burning of Moscow, precisely from September 1588 to August of the following year, and, upon his return to England besides a report to the Ministry about his embassy, he wrote an essay "On the Russian State (Of the Russe Common wealth)", published in London in 1591.

Since in it, this Ambassador, without hesitation, expressed his observations and thoughts about what he noticed and heard in the then Russia, the British themselves, fearing that such reviews would not damage their relations with us, immediately banned it,so that it did not dare to appear in full form for a long time, and therefore it became the greatest rarity.

It was only in the 19th century that it was reprinted abroad from the 1st edition, the most faithful and complete; there were also translations of it in French and Russian.

Which was banned after its first reading in "Reading at the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University" (Section III), in the fall of 1848. a reprint made without the knowledge of the Society, which, as everyone already knows, We are still afraid, and after whole centuries, to lay our ear to the unfavorable, for us, reviews of foreigners, we still think that when they talk about Russia, which we do not know, they are talking about present-day Russia, about us and our order.

So what did this husband, Ivan IV, have done, that he was forced to flee the fiefdom and turn to the khans of the Ottoman Empire?

Heinrich Staden, a Westphalian, who was born in 1542, lived in the Moscow state from 1564 to 1576, as an oprichnik, was an active participant and witness of many events of the reign of Grozny, will tell about this.

The "oprichnye" were the people of the Grand Duke, the zemstvo people were the rest of the people. This is what the Grand Duke did. He went over one by one cities and counties and wrote off the estates from those who, according to the lists examined, did not serve from their estates to his ancestors in the war, these estates were handed out to the oprichnina.

The princes and boyars taken to the oprichnina were distributed according to degrees, not according to wealth, but according to breed. They kissed the cross, that they would not be at the same time with the zemstvo and lead friendship with them - they would not. In addition, the oprichnina had to wear black caftans and hats, and at the quiver where the arrows were hidden, something like a brush or a broom tied to a stick. That's why they recognized the guardsmen …

Because of the rebellion, the Grand Duke left Moscow for the Aleksandrov Sloboda - two days' journey from Moscow, cordoned off this settlement with military force and ordered those boyars whom he demanded to be brought to him from Moscow and other cities.

The Grand Duke came from Alexandrova Sloboda to Moscow and killed one of the first boyars in the Zemshchyna, namely Ivan Petrovich Chelyadnin …

After him, Prince Andrei Kurbsky was the governor and governor. As soon as he understood this thing with the oprichnina, he put up his wife and children, and he drove off to the Polish King Sigismund-Augustus.

[Chelyadnin] was summoned to Moscow; in Moscow he was killed and thrown into a manure pit by the Neglinnaya river. And the Grand Duke, together with his guardsmen, went and burned all the estates that belonged to the aforementioned Ivan Petrovich throughout the country.

She sat down with the churches and everything that was in them, with icons and church decorations - they were burned down. Women and girls were stripped naked and in this form were forced to catch chickens across the field …

They have created great sorrow throughout the whole earth! And many of them [i.e. e. oprichniks?] were secretly killed.

Zemstvoys have run out of patience! They began to confer to elect Prince Volodymyr Andreevich, whose daughter was married to Duke Magnus, as Grand Duke, and to kill and murder the Grand Duke with his guardsmen. The agreement has already been signed …

The first boyars and princes in the Zemshchina were the following: Prince Volodymyr Andreevich, Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Velsky, Mikita Romanovich, Metropolitan Philip with his bishops - Kazan and Astrakhan, Ryazan, Vladimir, Vologda, Rostov and Suzdal, Tverskoy, Polotsk, Nizhny Novgorod and in Livonia Dorpat. One must think that they were planning to put a bishop in Riga too …

Under the Grand Duke, in the oprichnina, in short, there were: Prince Afanasy Vyazemsky, Malyuta Skuratov, Alexei Basmanov and his son Fedor.

The Grand Duke left with a large outfit; he knew nothing about this conspiracy and went to the Lithuanian border in Porkhov. His plan was as follows: to take Vilna in Lithuania, and if not, then Riga in Livonia …

Prince Volodimir Andreevich opened the treaty to the Grand Duke and everything that the zemsky had planned and prepared. Then the Grand Duke spread a rumor that he did not want to go to Lithuania or near Riga at all, but that he went to “cool off” and inspect the ancestral patrimony.

In the Yamskys, he returned back to the Aleksandrov Sloboda and ordered to rewrite the Zemstvo boyars whom he wanted to kill and exterminate at the very first execution …

And the Grand Duke continued: he ordered the boyars to be brought to him one by one and killed them as he pleased - one this way, the other another …

Metropolitan Philip could no longer remain silent in view of this … And thanks to his speeches, the good Metropolitan fell into disgrace and until his death had to sit in iron, very heavy chains …

Then the Grand Duke set out from the Alexandrova Sloboda together with all the guardsmen. All the cities, highways and monasteries from the settlement to Livonia were occupied by oprichny outposts, as if because of the plague; so that one city or monastery knew nothing about the other.

As soon as the guardsmen approached the pit or the Black Post Yard, they began to plunder. Where the Grand Duke stayed overnight, in the morning everything was set on fire and burned.

And if any of his own chosen people, princes, boyars or their servants, came from Moscow “outpost and wanted to penetrate into the camp, he was brought from the outpost bound and killed immediately. Some were dragged to the Grand Duke naked and driven through the snow to death …

Then the Grand Duke came to Tver and ordered to plunder everything - both churches and monasteries, to kill prisoners, as well as those Russian people who became related or made friends with foreigners.

It was the same in Torzhok, not a single monastery, not a single church was spared here …

The Grand Duke returned to Veliky Novgorod and settled 3 versts from it … He entered Veliky Novgorod, into the courtyard of the [arch] bishop and took away all his [property]. The largest bells were also removed, and everything that he liked was taken from the churches …

He ordered the merchants to trade and from his people - the oprichniks - to take [loot] only on good payment.

Every day he got up and moved to another monastery, where [again] he gave scope to his mischief. He ordered to torture the monks, and many of them were killed. There were up to 300 such monasteries inside and outside the city, and not one of them was spared. Then they began to plunder the city …

The horror and misfortune in this city lasted for six whole weeks without interruption!..

The Grand Duke then went further to Pskov and there he began to act in the same way …

After that, the Grand Duke openly drunk Prince Volodymyr Andreevich with poison; and he ordered the women to be stripped naked and shamefully shot by the archers. From him [t. e. Vladimir Andreevich] boyars no one was left alive …

… the Grand Duke "sorted out" the districts, and the guardsmen took away from the zemstvo, their estates, … they took away everything that they found in these estates, leaving nothing; if they like anything..

The Russians decided to surrender Fellin, Tarvast and Marienburg in Livonia to the Poles. The Grand Duke found out about this and sent an order - to behead all the main clerks and clerks in these cities and castles. Their heads were brought in sacks to Moscow as evidence [of their execution] …

When the Grand Duke with his guardsmen robbed his own land, cities and villages, strangled and killed all prisoners and enemies - this is how it happened.

A lot of carters with horses and sleighs were assigned - to bring to one monastery, located outside the city, all the goods, all the chests and chests from Veliky Novgorod. Here everything was piled up and guarded so that no one could take anything away. All of this should have been fairly divided, but it was not. And when I saw this, I decided not to follow the Grand Duke anymore …

Then I began to take all kinds of servants to me, especially those who were naked and barefoot, and I dressed them. They loved it. And then I began my own hikes and led my people back inland along a different road.

For this, my people remained faithful to me. Whenever they took someone in full, they asked with honor where - in monasteries, churches or farmsteads - money and goods could be taken, and especially good horses.

If the taken prisoner did not want to respond kindly, then they tortured him until he confessed. So they got me money and goods …

Once we came to a church in one place. My people rushed inside and began to rob, take away icons and similar nonsense. And it was not far from the courtyard of one of the zemstvo princes, and about 300 armed people gathered there. These 300 people were chasing [some] six horsemen.

At that time, I was the only one in the saddle and, not knowing [yet] whether those six people were zemstvo or oprichnina, began to call my people from the church to the horses.

But then the real state of affairs became clear: those six were oprichniks who were being persecuted by the Zemsky. They asked me for help, and I set out on the Zemsky.

When they saw that so many people had moved out of the church, they turned back towards the courtyard. I immediately killed one of them with one shot on the spot; [then] broke through their crowd and slipped through the gate. Stones fell on us from the windows of the female half. Having called with me to my servant Teshatu, I quickly ran up the stairs with an ax in my hand.

Upstairs I was met by the princess, who wanted to throw herself at my feet. But, frightened by my formidable appearance, she rushed back into the chambers. I stuck an ax in her back, and she fell on the threshold. And I stepped over the corpse and met their girlish …

Then we drove all night and came to a large, unprotected posad. Here I did not offend anyone. I was resting.

After being alone for two days, I received news that in one place the Zemsky had beaten a detachment of 500 oprichnik riflemen.

Then I returned to my village Novoye, and sent [all] the goods to Moscow.

When I left with the Grand Duke, I had one horse, but I returned with 49, of which 22 were harnessed to a sleigh full of all goodness …

Here I made sure that the boyar slaves received permission [to leave their masters] during the famine. Then I added a few more to my [former slaves].

The guardsmen ransacked the whole country, all the towns and villages in the Zemshchyna …

(G. Staden. About Moscow Ivan the Terrible, 1925, pp. 86-95, 121-123 and 141-145. German edition. Heinrich von Sladen, Aufzeichnungen den Moskauer Staat. Hamburg, 1930.)

In the presentation of these facts, several questions involuntarily arise:

What caused the antagonism of the Moscow tsars to the boyars, not only to their own, but also to other estates? What is the oprichnina that they used in this struggle?

Ivan the Terrible executed 300 "state criminals" in one day. in Moscow. In Novgorod for five weeks, Ivan the Terrible daily betrayed the death penalty by drowning for alleged treason from 500 to 1500 people, and in total, according to the chronicler, during his reign, he executed about 60,000 people (Karamzin, "History of the Russian State *, vol.. IX, pp. 90-94).

Imitating Tsar Ivan the Terrible, they assumed the duties of executioners for the executions of political "criminals": Prince Cherkassky, Malyuta Skuratov, Prince M. Temgryukovich and other princes and titled sub'ekts (Karamzin, vol. X, pp. 59, 86, 95. 110).

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich executed 150 people in one day, and during his reign he executed 7000 people. (Kotoshikhin, pp. 82-83).

Peter I, in 1698, in one month of October, “shaved off their heads”, or rather, executed 1166 people in Moscow near the Novodevichy Convent.

In February 1699, the same king executed hundreds of people.

(Soloviev, "History of Russia", v. XIV, pp. 280-281, 292).

Pope Paul III in 1540 approved in Europe a male spiritual order of the Jesuits with the aim of promoting and protecting the Catholic faith in the newly discovered lands of the New World, America.

Several years later, a similar order was opened in Russia under the name - oprichnina. The main activity, which was to strengthen Orthodoxy (fight against schism) and establish tsarist power not only in the Muscovite kingdom, where it was proclaimed, but throughout Russia.

So the Oprichnina is a male, secular - ecclesiastical order with a complex system of hierarchies, absolute obedience and the prohibition of communication with the zemstvo, boyars and with the old Antiochian Christianity (Nestorians) that existed in Russia.

Monks, members of the oprichnina, collected all the handwritten evidence of the activities of the Russian principalities from all monasteries and private individuals, under the guise of: - "The Emperor demands" … and deprived the Russian people of history.

You will not find the "Tale of Bygone Years", written in the hand of Nestor at the turn of the XI-XII centuries. There is only the Laurentian copy of the XIV century, the Ipatiev list of the 15th, Khlebnikovsky of the 16th, etc. All of them adjusted and rewritten in the era of Patriarch Nikon and the "educational" activities of the oprichnina.

According to modern historiography, it is known that Novgorod was a self-governing unit, the expression of the entire people - veche. The nationwide gathering could not solve the current affairs that accumulated in the city - it was decided by the chosen people.

The men elected by the people, according to the modern - the deputies, this is - BOYARE. They constituted the administrative unit of Rus, they ruled the local court, collected taxes, defended the principality, organized, together with other principalities, the defense of the Russian land from Polish and German invasions.

(Zemsky boyar duma, Zemsky orders. Zemsky army. Zemsky treasury, etc.)

BOYARIN - Dr. - Russian boyar goes back to the ancient Turkic languages bay - "noble, rich" + er - husband, warrior. Bayar "host; Russian an officer; official"

OKOLNICHIY - bureaucratic; (Dictionary of the ancient Slavic language) according to OSTROMIROV GOSPEL

OKOLNICHY was a member of the Duma of the Grand Dukes according to Ushakov in ancient Russia - one of the highest boyar court ranks. Until the 19th century, in Siberia, the sergeant was sometimes called the boyar son.

In the Common People's Word-Interpreter, the expression “Boyar lady” means a courtyard woman, a servant at a local court (a word that is almost always mocking).

But best of all and more accurately about the boyars is said in the collection of I Snegirev "Russian folk proverbs and parables" of 1848:

"THE BOYARIN IN WINE MEETS WITH THE HEAD, AND THE PRINCE WITH THE LAND". This is taken from the source: "Record of Novgorod" in the Acts of the Archaeological Expedition, I, no. 104.

How long ago was the election of the boyars established in Russia:

"Something like a message from Olga to the Grand Duke Ruskago and from everyone like that are under the hand of his bright and great prince and his great boyars."

Dog. Ol 911 (according to the Radz. List) from materials (Dictionary of the ancient Russian language) I. I. Sreznevsky 1893

So, judging by this Radziwill list, the Nestorian Church came to Russia in the 9th century, and was a Christian self-governing state, we can compare it with the Yuan era in China.

Where is Kublai, improved China's agriculture by expanding the Grand Canal, roads and public barns. Marco Polo favorably describes his reign: exemption of the population from taxes in difficult times, the construction of hospitals and orphanages, the distribution of food to the poor.

He encouraged science and religion, supported trade along the Silk Road, making contacts between Chinese and Western technologies possible.

Let's move on to Russia. The vast lands and lands belonging to the zemstvos already at the very dawn of official Christianity in Russia, the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, and after it other monasteries became large landowners and industrialists.

Monasteries were the first carriers of commercial and, in part, industrial capital, the first banks. When serfdom was established in Russia, monasteries began to own a huge number of serf souls.

Foreigner Fletcher wrote: “to the royal income can also be added the confiscation of the property of those who are disgraced. These also include extraordinary taxes and levies Ivan IV used to say: the people are similar to his beard - the more often they cut it, the thicker it will grow, or with sheep, which must be sheared at least once a year in order not to give they are completely overgrown with wool …

Grozny himself belonged to the richest kings in Europe: his personal income was four times higher than that of his contemporary, the English king Henry VIII. In the struggle against the old zemstvo and boyars, Ivan IV, the largest feudal lord, found it advantageous to rely on small service guardsmen and the church.

In Russia, there was a coin NAGATA - 1 / 20 of the hryvnia, and the Russian people knew all the peoples of the Turkic tribes as Nagays.

“Nagays, not in the history of Genghis Khan and his descendants, as well as in all subsequent Western publications about the history of Russia, is not mentioned anywhere.

They were citizens of Dasht - Kipchak, i.e. owned on the Volga River, and spread from the Volga to the Yaik, and from there to the Irtysh. From this it happens that near the city of Ufa, now there is the so-called Nogai road, and the place on the Irtysh is the Nogai steppe.

Many princes from the Nogais from the Terek and Don and Saraichik served as voivods in the Russian troops. (Miller)

You can also add, the Decembrist, Colonel Pestel developed a charter (constitution), in addition to an open goal, the establishment of a republican form of government, society set itself the goal of introducing a representative form of government in Russia. The society was headed by the supreme council of the BOYAR (founders), and the rest of the members were divided into districts, under the direction of dumas headed by representatives of the supreme council.

(Historical and socio-political dictionary of V. V. Bitner, 1906) In 1818 the charter was revised, but the boyars as an election were left …