Americans have not been to the moon

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Now the Americans fly on Russian missiles, and no one questions why the "great" US empire, using the missiles of the enemy defeated in the Cold War, does not create its own. Could the Yankees even create a rocket capable of landing people on the moon?

No rocket, no space travel

In manned expeditions to the moon, the launch vehicle is the cornerstone, which, incidentally, stumbled over the Soviet manned lunar program. This rocket is designed to carry out a full flight program according to the so-called. The "single-launch" scheme should, according to the most modest, theoretically minimum permissible calculations, put the cargo into a low ("reference") near-earth orbit 140tons of useful mass. More is better. This is exactly the case when each gram, not to mention kilograms or centners, is really "worth its weight in gold" or even orders of magnitude more expensive.

Thus, if it is not possible to create such a rocket, there is actually nothing to talk about further.

I could well replace the further presentation of this section with the research of "Passer-by" (Arkady Veliurov) about the amazing fate of the rocket "Saturn-5", which I highly recommend reading for completeness. But, since the purpose of this work is a wide coverage of the material, and I do not dwell on the details at this stage, for now we will only outline the main points in the glorious history of the rocket. "Saturn-5"full of stories and records in the spirit of the baron Munchausen.

There is very contradictory information about test flights of this fantastic rocket. Yes, there was an attempt to create it. Rather, in all … twotest flights, attempts were made to test high-power J-2 oxygen-hydrogen engines of various stages, which invariably ended in failure. Trying to show some "achievements" in the process of flight tests of this rocket, NASAgot busy with commonplace subscripts … When checking these, extremely unpleasant (for the official version) inconsistencies surfaced, which NASA even tried to explain by putting … a 9-ton metal blank into orbit!

In the end, as we already know, instead of fine-tuning technical solutions, the "happy period" of flights to the moon immediately went. After that, the rocket "Saturn-5"was… decommissioned to museumsand was never used again.

The takeoff weight of this rocket, equipped for a flight to the moon, according to NASA, was 3000 tons. And there were only propulsion engines of the first stage … 5 (five) … Accordingly, the thrust of each engine just to detach such a rocket from the launch pad should be at least 600 tons (according to official data - 690 tons!).

This engine was equipped with only one nozzle (combustion chamber), i.e. was single-chamber, and was called F-1 … And it was never used anywhere else either. The most powerful space rocket engine today is RD-180whose thrust is - 180 tons … But at the same time he has four combustion chambers, the load on each surface of the nozzle in which is only 45 tons. And this engine … is being sold by Russia to the United States for use on Atlas-class missiles there. And its engine of greater or at least comparable power from 180 tons the United States still does not have.

But what can we say about a 180-ton engine, if since 2011 it turned out that the United States does not have the means at all to deliver astronauts even to near-earth orbit! After decommissioning (as economically unjustified) of the "shuttle" complex, the delivery of the manned ships-successors of the Soviet "Salyut" to the near-earth orbit to the International Space Station is carried out exclusively by the rockets-heirs of the Soviet "Soyuz" - "Soyuz-TM", and payloads and fuel to ensure the functioning of the ISS - the heirs of the Soviet "Progress" - space "trucks", launched into orbit by the rocket-successor of the Soviet "Proton" … These are real space systems that provide space flights.

And what does NASA to deliver people into space as of 2012? Nothing.

If there was a thrust engine 690 tons, this would radically change the entire manned astronautics. To create manned space stations in near-earth orbit, two or three launches of super-heavy rockets with the launch of a payload into orbit would be sufficient. 140 tons, not 10-15 tons - maximum 24 tons (with the help of the "shuttle"), as it is forced to happen to this day.

In addition, the minimum 10-15% the entire mass of individual spacecraft should be docking stations, crossings, airlock chambers. Because of this, the mass of useless docking passages at large stations (such as Mir or ISS) reaches 25% from the total mass of the entire complex, which needs to be further accelerated from time to time, using extra tons of fuel, constantly cooled, controlled tightness, etc.

Based on such incredible waste of NASA, which buried a unique rocket and an equally unique engine, researchers have always been very keenly interested in the technical characteristics of both. A lot of interesting things turned out … Among other things, for example, that the material of the nozzles of the engines F-1 cannot withstand the declared pressure and temperature loads arising in the operating mode of its use. This material would simply fly to pieces under such loads.

At the end of the 60s, it was possible to hang pasta on the ears of even the whole world about this, but over the past 40 years materials science has reached such a level that the above information can be simply and easily checked using specialized reference books and programs. But, of course, no one will tell you about this in the news, it's just that “no one is anywhere…” is flying.

The unused missiles themselves "Saturn-5"transferred to museums suddenly started … rust … It is clear that materials used in space rocketry cannot, by definition, rust because they are not made of low-grade steel or iron. But the storage of the Saturn-5 missiles required repair and painting, so that another blunder of the legend NASA was not conspicuous even to the visitors of the museum.

But what kind of rockets were launched "to the moon" in the presence of a large crowd of the public?

Oh, Baron Munchausen, as we remember, was not only the most courageous and strongest, but extremely resourceful! Without a fair amount of resourcefulness - on the verge of focus - and here it was not done.

When modern advanced tools appeared for the analysis of video footage filmed at the start of "lunar" expeditions on the Saturn-5 rocket, it became clear juicy details the initial stages of these flights.

Firstly, today it is impossible to distinguish which engines are running on these rockets - F-1, Saturn-1B rocket engines or any other oxygen-kerosene engines that NASA had on hand at that time; for example, from some ICBMs borrowed on the occasion from the military.

Secondly, various researchers, among which the names of Academician Pokrovsky, Ph. D. Popov and others, independent estimates of the speed of this rocket were made at different moments of flight and at different altitudes, based on the available official NASA video materials and amateur filming. For this, methods were used to estimate the velocity by the angle of the Mach cone, by the dynamics of the deformation of the explosive cloud at the moment of completion of the first stage, by the time the rocket reached the layer of high-altitude cirrus clouds, by the angular size of the rocket, and some others.

All these methods show good convergence of the results, which in itself confirms the correctness of the tasks set and the sufficient accuracy of their solutions. So, in the observed areas of missile flight "Saturn-5" during the officially announced NASA launches of expeditions "to the moon", the speed was not less than 2 times lessthan the official NASA acceleration data.

In other words, the observed Saturn-5 missiles in the first minutes of their flight, before and after the separation of the first stage, do not fly into space at all, since the gain of the first cosmic speed does not occur. Video recordings show that the remnants of the rocket after the completion of the first stage engines (which invariably ended in a powerful explosion of an incomprehensible nature) flew along a free ballistic trajectory to the east from the NASA cosmodrome, located on the western coast of the Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, the speed of movement of this amusing rocket at that moment was approximately 1100 m / s (or ~ 4000 km / h).

At the same time, official data, which are also given in Wikipedia, read: "During their two and a half minutes of operation, five F-1 engines lifted the Saturn-5 booster to an altitude of 68 km, giving it a speed of 9 920 km / h" … It's a lie.

Let's watch a short excerpt from the documentary Moonwalk One 1970 release, in which the moment of separation of the first stage of the Saturn-5 rocket was filmed (see video here).

In commenting on this video, I would like to first draw your attention to the moment of a strange interruption in the operation of the engines, which occurs 20 seconds before the separation of the stages. Nothing like this happens in real space flights. Rocket motors do not run intermittently like an engine in a car with a poorly adjusted carburetor. But, since such an interruption is obvious, we have to admit that this particular rocket has, to put it mildly, some technical problems, for example, with the pumps that feed the propellant components into the combustion chamber.

Then the moment of "separation" of the first stage of "Saturn-5" occurs in the form of an incredibly powerful explosion, throwing out clouds of gases far ahead (!) From the flying rocket, after which it is clearly and clearly seen that no switching on of the engines of the next stage of the rocket occurs. Instead, after a couple of tens of seconds, the ring-shaped adapter is discarded, as well as part of the equipment at the front of the rocket that simulates the SAS. At the same time, at the moment of separation of the SAS, it is clearly visible that the rocket continues to fly in fairly dense layers of the atmosphere, since after the SAS is fired, it is immediately gradually blown back, like the ring adapter.

If this rocket really had the second stage engines running, the ring adapter would be thrown back with a sufficiently high acceleration, and it would disappear from the frame literally in a second. The same applies to the SAS fired from the front of the rocket, which flies parallel to the rocket for a long time and gradually lags behind it. After all, the rocket, having the shape of a bullet, has the best aerodynamic characteristics, so its deceleration in the upper atmosphere is somewhat slower than that of the adapter and the remnants of the SAS.

Quite predictably, the video ends here, since they were too shy to show the flight of a simple blank in which no rocket engines work for a long time. The fact is that in order to launch a payload into low-earth orbit, according to the official version of NASA, the Saturn-5 rocket had to fully work out first stage (and we see that after the enchanting shooting, the first stage continues to work out with engines - what a strange extravagance and imprudence!?), then - completely second stage, and then still partially third step!

Only after that would the Eagle, the lunar landing platform, the Columbia command module and the third stage of the rocket be in a reference low-earth orbit.

But the noteworthy jesters from the MCC, dressed suspiciously the same, with headsets from the 60s pressed on their heads, probably do not know this. They generally do not understand what they are doing: they turn their heads, constantly strive to jump up from their seats - in short, there is no illusion of concentration and an incredible burden of responsibility …

It is significant that immediately after the remnants of the rocket left the field of view, when only the first stage was separated, the "specialists" of the MCC, or rather the actors imitating them, together with Werner von Braun himself, abandoned all their activities (which until that time had been reduced to sitting at the monitors and observing the rocket through binoculars), began to get up, rejoice very much and congratulate each other, as if the astronauts had already returned to Earth from the Moon, and the exit only to near-earth orbit did not continue …

But such joy and carelessness is understandable if you know that the whole "flight" is completed on this, and then simply included a pre-assembled recording of conversations between the crew and the MCC, i.e. The moon, we can safely say, the day after tomorrow has already been "conquered" …

So, then all the remnants of the rocket continue to fly along a free ballistic trajectory. Surely after the flight over the Atlantic, the outer skin of the front of the dummy rocket collapses (possibly also forcibly, as when the first stage was fired) upon entering the denser layers of the atmosphere, and the descent vehicle burns a little and falls into the water.

An eloquent confirmation of the above is the photographs of the launching Saturn-5s. According to the official layout of the fuel tanks in different stages of this rocket, the second and third stages allegedly worked exclusively on cryogenic fuel components - liquefied oxygen and hydrogen. However, during the launch, it is clearly seen that liquefied gas is only in the first - lower - stage of the rocket, since the "coat" of atmospheric water vapor frozen on the surface of the first stage is completely absent on the surfaces of the second and third stages, where supposedly neither more nor less splashes 1 253 200 liters of liquid hydrogen and 423 350 liters of liquid oxygen!

After receiving and analyzing at least one continuous rocket launch video "Saturn-5", any competent ballistician with a sufficient degree of accuracy could calculate the expected place of the fall of the upper part of such a rocket, which was done in the late 60s by Soviet specialists. What came out of this is a separate fascinating story about this in the next section. In the meantime, let's go back to describing the level of resourcefulness of the Munchausen barons from NASA.

After the "return from the Moon", the public, stunned by the great "successes" in the conquest of the Moon, had to be shown - at least in passing - the descent vehicle, on which the valiant astronauts seemed to have just returned to Earth. The capsule of this apparatus should have characteristic damage from burning in high-temperature plasma during deceleration in the atmosphere: the ablative protection should have partially burned out, small protruding parts should be charred or melted.

In order not to repeat the same mistakes (as with capsules Gemini, on which, after splashdown "from space" proudly flaunted antennas and inscriptions freshly painted in white), NASA They decided to kill two birds with one stone: to show the large public a rocket flying to the moon, and at the same time to fry in the dense layers of the atmosphere the descent vehicle, which had yet to be found in the waters of the East Atlantic with the help of a large number of American warships and submarines.

It is difficult to say how much it would be possible to fry a model of a descent vehicle in the atmosphere with the help of such a rocket. Therefore, it is possible that this work was slightly completed right on the ground.

Then this descent vehicle was transported to the place of return of the expedition "from the moon", hooked to a parachute and dropped from a helicopter, recording the "last minutes" of the glorious lunar expedition. At this point, the entire military propaganda machine USA was extremely honest and sincere, showing the return of the next heroes to Earth on the air! The people cried from an overabundance of feelings …

The Soviet rocket men scratched their heads in puzzlement. Unfortunately, then the "Iron Curtain" was still working, so practically no information was received by the likely enemy. Well, we flew to the right place. That's all. But if then on Soviet television they showed at least footage of the meeting of astronauts who are being removed from a capsule that has just splashed down (not to mention many other things), nothing but homeric laughter, this comedy could not cause.

A person who survived deceleration in the Earth's atmosphere according to a one-level scheme from the second cosmic speed with at least G-forces 12G - maximum 40G, as if he could not happily smile, wave his arms and run around the deck of an aircraft carrier. At the very least, he would need urgent resuscitation assistance, and as a maximum, the remains of the astronauts would have been scraped from the insides of the capsule for a long time. Well, except that with a sewn-up ass and a hermetically sealed spacesuit, the remains would have been in a kind of bags …