General public education in the Russian Empire

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

A distinctive feature of Russian scientists is the breadth of scientific interests and the universalism of knowledge, a holistic perception of the picture of the world, the coverage of the entire subject under study and the depth of penetration into it, the high quality of the research carried out in combination with the relatively modest costs of conducting it, the independent production of original laboratory instruments, active participation in educational process.

Touching upon the topic of the features and achievements of the Russian scientific school, one cannot but mention the contribution of the public education system to the achievements of the Russian State in the field of science and technology. It is the education provided by the Russian national school that explains the successes of Russian scientists.

In Tsarist Russia, the public education system had the status of a civil service, and teachers were civil servants, and highly paid ones. The minimum wage for a teacher in 1912 was 1600 rubles. per year (more than $ 25,000 at the current exchange rate). An ordinary university professor had the rank of major general.

Each teacher of a classical gymnasium had to know at least three foreign languages, again except Latin and Ancient Greek, and each graduate - at least two foreign languages, except Latin and Ancient Greek. The people respectfully called teachers a master, and students - gentlemen.

Artist Morozov Alexander Ivanovich "Free Rural School 1865"

Education in Russia has always been valued. The growth rate of education spending from 1906 to 1914 were higher than the growth rate of defense spending. In 1908, in a number of Russian provinces, compulsory free primary education was introduced, and by 1921 it was planned to make it universal throughout the country.

The quality of education in Russia can be judged by the statements of the members of the representative German commission, which studied the course of the agrarian reform in Russia in 1913 for six months, who assessed the officials involved in the agrarian reform as highly educated, highly qualified specialists of the European level (which are few in Europe), who know their business very well.

The main conclusion of the commission was that if the agrarian reform is continued, then in 10 years Russia will be unattainable and invincible from an economic and military point of view!

Photo of two female students (modern processing). 1910s. Initial training was free according to the law from the very beginning of the reign of Tsar Nicholas II, and from 1908 it became compulsory … In 1918, it was planned to introduce compulsory free secondary education. This was the so-called. "universal education", which was to take place by the 1920s.

Notebook for primary grade calligraphy, 1910s.

School pre-revolutionary diary. 1915-1916

Commendation certificate of the pupil of the zemstvo school Ekaterina Ivanova. 1905 year. Initial training was compulsory.

The book "To help the family and school", publication of the Pedagogical Academy "Education in the family and school", Moscow, 1911. From the chapter "Kindergarten and the basics of its organization".

From the magazine "Architect", No. 8, February 1911. At the IV Congress of Russian Architects. From the reports of L. P. Shishko, N. P. Kozlov. 1st All-Russian Congress on Public Education in St. Petersburg. From December 1913 to January 1914, the First All-Russian Congress on Public Education was held in St. Petersburg, where teachers from all the depths of the Russian Empire gathered to discuss the current problems of public education and the adopted plan of COMPULSORY education … We offer for reading a part of the article posted in the popular Russian weekly illustrated magazine of literature, politics and modern life "Niva", No. 3, dated January 18, 1914.

People's House of Nicholas II in St. Petersburg, which hosted the opening of the 1st All-Russian Congress on Public Education. Meeting at the People's House. 1913-1914

Members of the 1st All-Russian Congress on Public Education at the Kazan Cathedral, after the prayer.

№ 22 OF THE MAGAZINE “ISKRA, YEAR 1911. School exhibition. At the Olginsky Pyatnitsky 3rd City Primary School, in Moscow, an exhibition of student works in drawing, modeling, handicraft and needlework has been opened. Phot. B. Yablokova. Captions: Carpet embroidered with multi-colored wool. Children's illustration for the story. Wood works with carving and burning. Gymnastics lesson. Modeling.

All-Russian Hygienic Exhibition, which opened on June 7, 1913 in St. Petersburg, in Maly Petrovsky Park. From the magazine "Niva" No. 30, 1913. Part of the article about physical culture, the formation of a healthy lifestyle among students:

School theater

The book "To help the family and school", publication of the Pedagogical Academy "Education in the family and school", Moscow, 1911. From the chapter "Children's Theater".

Peasant children - students of the Fishing Higher Primary School 1913-1914. The village of Rybatskoye.

Peasant children - Pupils of the Zemsky Primary School of the village of Rybatskoye. 1913-1914

The peasant children of the village of Rybatskoye are students of the parish school, who surrounded the priest Nikolai Kuligin. In 1907, a gathering of peasants from the village of Rybatskoye decided to build a new large school building, for which 70,000 rubles were allocated from public funds. The peasants' initiative found a warm response in the Ministry of Public Education, which allocated the missing 40,000 rubles for the construction.

The project of the school was developed by the famous architect L. P. Shishko at that time and was a 3-4-storey (due to the slope of the soil in the area of construction) brick building, which was built from the best brick produced by the nearby brick factories. The construction of the school was completed in 1909.

The village of Sereda, Nerekhtsky district, Kostroma province. In a 2-grade school at the faculty of T-va Manufactory Br. G. and A. Gorbunovs. 1913 year.

School at the factory of T-va Manufactory Br. G. and A. Gorbunovs.

By 1892, the factory had 1,650 mechanical mills, 2,900 workers worked, its annual turnover was about 4 billion rubles. The partnership obligatorily insured the workers; hospitals, schools, and nurseries were built.

The weekly social and pedagogical newspaper "School and Life", No. 25, June 18, 1912.

"Newspaper for Children and Youth" No. 15, February 12, 1915.

Announcements in the "Newspaper for Children and Youth": Subscription to the weekly professional and socio-pedagogical magazine "Narodny Uchitel"

Firefly magazine for younger children. Cover of the anniversary magazine, No. 10, October, 1911. Until 1917, about three hundred magazines for children and youth were published in Russia, mainly in both capitals, Moscow and St. Petersburg. Here are the titles of some of the publications:

"Friend of children" "Children's Museum"

"Companion"

"Relaxation", "Chit".

"Kindergarten"

"Toy"

"Gift for children"

"Baby", "Business and Fun"

"Path", "Golden childhood"

"Snowdrop"

"Sun"

"Dawn"

The weekly social and pedagogical newspaper "School and Life", No. 25, June 18, 1912.

Rest house for teachers of city folk schools in St. Petersburg. From the magazine "Architect" No. 35, 1912. Of all budget items, zemstvos' expenditures on public education were in second place after the expenditures on medical care for the people (the highest budget item) and by 1910 increased over 15 years by 356.7%. In 1910, 24% of all zemstvo expenditures were allocated for public education. For the medical part, even 28.4% of the general expenditure budget.

"Income and Expenditures of Zemstvos of 34 Provinces by Estimates for 1910". Developed by the Statistics Division of the Salary Department. Saint Petersburg. 1912 year.

Some expense columns:

"Income and Expenditures of Zemstvos of 34 Provinces by Estimates for 1910". Developed by the Statistics Division of the Salary Department. Saint Petersburg. 1912 year. Some columns of expenses.

Educational and industrial exhibition "School device and equipment". The magazine "Architect" No. 24, 1912. From May 3 to July 15, 1912, the International educational and industrial exhibition "School device and equipment" was held in St. Petersburg. The exhibition, taken under the patronage of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, had the following departments: school construction; school environment and hygiene; visual teaching aids; equipment for craft and vocational schools, workshops and classes; equipment for agricultural and land surveying schools and courses; gymnastic apparatus and school sports items. 91 schools, 10 state institutions, 31 public organizations, 119 Russian companies, 30 foreign companies, 5 individuals and 8 periodicals took part in the review. 525 people were involved in the preparation of the show: teachers, public figures, industrialists. It is characteristic that the exhibition continued to enrich itself with new pavilions and exhibits even after the opening ceremony. So, a separate pavilion was built, dedicated to all kinds of sports. In addition to the demonstration of gymnastic devices, a unique "sports laboratory" was set up in it, where experiments related to achievements in sports were carried out. The astronomical observatory with the best astronomical instruments was of no less interest. An exhibition with exactly the same name "School device and equipment" was held in Moscow from March 20 to March 31 of the same year, a month before the St. Petersburg one. Organized by the Moscow branch of the Imperial Russian Technical Society.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 4, 1912. During the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, public education reached extraordinary development. In less than 20 years, loans allocated to the Ministry of Public Education, from 25, 2 mil. rubles increased to 161, 2 mil. This did not include the budgets of schools that received their loans from other sources (military, technical schools), or supported by local self-government bodies (zemstvos, cities), whose loans for public education increased from 70,000,000 rubles. in 1894 up to 300,000,000 rubles. in 1913. At the beginning of 1913, the total budget of public education in Russia at that time reached a colossal figure, namely 1/2 billion gold rubles. In 1914 it was 50,000 zemstvo schools with 80,000 teachers and 3,000,000 students (in addition to parish schools). In 1914, the zemstvos were created 12,627 public libraries.

Stamp of the pre-revolutionary People's free reading room-library of the village of Serednevo, Georgievskaya Volost, Rybinsk Uyezd, Yaroslavl Province, renamed by the Bolsheviks on January 29, 1919 into Lenino-Volodarskaya Volost. (Note: Volodarsky, real name and surname - Moisey Markovich Goldstein, 1891-1918.) This free reading room was located even in a village where there was no church. The village in Russia before the 1917 revolution was clearly different from the village: there was always a church in the village.

Sunday evening schools were opened for adults.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 8, 1911.

Just a few announcements about the opening of new schools:

From the magazine "Architect" No. 34, 1913.

From the magazine "Zodchiy" No. 46, 1912.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 48, 1912.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 49, 1912.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 52, 1912.

Sevastopol. From the magazine "Architect" No. 52, 1912.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 52, 1912.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 3, 1913.

From the magazine "Architect" No. 6, 1913.

From the magazine "Niva" No. 4, 1914. From an article dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the existence of the Russian zemstvo administration.

People's houses.

"National Calendar", 1914. People's House was a public cultural and educational institution in pre-revolutionary Russia. Russia was the first country in the world to build similar houses for the people. PThe first People's House was founded in 1882 in Tomsk, and in St. Petersburg the first People's House was opened in 1883.

Kharkov. People's House. Pre-revolutionary postcard

People's House. Blagoveshchensk. Photo from the 1900s.

People's House. Kostroma. Pre-revolutionary photo.

From the "Niva" magazine, No. 10, 1906. First in the world Women's Polytechnic Institute was founded in Russia, in St. Petersburg. In terms of the number of women enrolled in higher education, the Russian Empire ranked first in Europe, if not the whole world. … (Brazol B. L. The reign of Emperor Nicholas II 1894-1917 in figures and facts, 1958)

First in Europe, the women's medical institute in St. Petersburg, the opening of which took place on September 14 (26), 1897. From the magazine "Niva" No. 41, 1897

From the magazine "Niva" No. 41, 1897 XII Congress of Naturalists and Physicians in Moscow. January 28, 1909 to January 6, 1910. Part of the article:

"Universal Fortnight" No. 1, 1910.

Graduation from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow Higher

women's courses. 1913 year.

The journal "Nature and People" No. 29, 1914. Part of the article.

Electric lighting and electrical engineering. 1908 year

European Geography Course for Secondary Educational Institutions. 1910 year. Some pages:

"CHILDREN'S ENCYCLOPEDIA" 1914

***

"Modeling in family and school". A guide for educators and teachers. Illustrated with pictures from student work (73 drawings). Artist K. Lepilov. 2nd revised edition of the author. Petrograd, 1916.

"Contemporary painting in the folk school" … Vekoslav Koschevich. The experience of practical guidance to the conduct of the so-called "free" drawing in public schools and primary schools in general. With pictures in the text. St. Petersburg 1911.

"How to paint with a brush" 15 sample tables with explanatory text. K. Walter. Library for children I. Gorbunov-Posadov. Moscow 1911.

"Basic drawing course". A guide for self-study of children at school and at home. Issue III. V. Werther and Tikhomirov. 4th edition. Published by K. Zikhman, Riga 1912.

"A new way of teaching oral and written expression of thoughts." A guide for public schools, families, kindergartens and lower secondary schools. F. P. Borisov and N. I. Lavrov. K. Tikhomirov's publishing house, Moscow 1911.

TEXTBOOKS OF CZAR RUSSIA: Children's games and entertainment, 1902 edition St. Petersburg.djvu YK Grotto Russian spelling 1894.pdf Collection of anti-alcohol problems. 1914 M. M. Belyaev, S. M. Belyaev.djvu Curriculum of the theory of literature. Livanov N. 1913.djvu Rubakin N. A._Russia in figures. The country. People. Estates. Classes_1912.djvu God cannot be refuted by science. I. A. Karyshev1895.pdf The composition of a human being. I. A. Karyshev1895.pdf The essence of life. I. A. Karyshev 1897.pdf Textbook of logic A. Svetilin 1880.pdf