Capital of Great Tartary. Part 3. Disappearance

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Before reading, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the first two parts: Part 1 Part 2

There is an interesting oddity in the French book of 1683 (Manesson-Mallet). The author writes that the capital of Tartaria is the city of Khambalu (that is, Khambalyk), and writes that Tartaria is an independent state, and even an empire, and the great khans are emperors. Then the author shows us a portrait of the Great Khan / Ham, note: Great! And not as in the Ottoman Empire, for example, where the prefix "Khan" is constantly added to the name of the Sultan, that is, not a great one, just a khan. But then a strange thing happens in the book: he writes that for hundreds of years the world community considered Khambala as a separate city, but no, in fact, Khambala is Beijing! And he even supplied his story with a picture, they say, here it is, the city of Khanbalik. When describing China-China itself, he provides almost the same image of Beijing. That is, this Frenchman really considers Khambala and Beijing to be one and the same city. This is very strange, because earlier other authors have depicted and described the capital of Tartary as an absolutely real city. And Marco Polo lived in Khanbalik for many years and described it as being very large. There were only 3 thousand public institutions! And the bridge next to the capital was 12 miles long. Usually one mile is more than a kilometer. If you count in modern miles, it turns out that this bridge of polished stone was as long as the modern Crimean bridge! And where did all this go?

In other words, in 1683 the Europeans catch themselves thinking that they do not know what Kambala / Khanbalyk looks like. The author of the book provides detailed diagrams and images of palaces in the capitals of China, Persia and India. But nothing like this happens to Tartary. This may indicate that by the time this book was written, the capital of Tartary no longer exists. Manesson-Mallet is confused and tries to explain that misunderstanding by the fact that this is Hambalu and this is Beijing, because they really stand relatively close to each other (although the Great Wall of China should stand between them). Thus, we found out that for some time after their real disappearance, Khanbalik continued to be depicted on maps for several years. Considering that a book, especially a scientific one, has been written for several years, and information reached from Asia to Europe for a long time, then it can be assumed that, until about 1680, the Europeans did not have accurate data on the location of the city, and after the release they discovered that such a city does not exist at all in the book of Manesson-Mallett.

I have not found a single even approximate map or scheme of the city of Khanbalik, its main square or palaces.

In the 1729 illustrations by Peter Vander Aa, you can see palaces, courtyards, the “coronation” (wedding to “Rudeness”) of the great Ham, you can see Ham himself, but it is completely unclear where all this is happening. On his maps (I managed to find two) there is no city of Khanbalik / Khambala, but first there is the city of Tamerlanka (and it stands, approximately, on the site of the capital of Tartaria), later, on another map, Tamerlanka disappears, and Ortus, or Ordus, appears. - and not only a city, but even a whole district with that name.

Here is just one of these maps by Peter Van der Aa. Almost always on old maps - and this is observed here - Hambalik / Tamerlanku / Ordos is located approximately at the same geographical latitude as Beijing - 40 ° N, or somewhere between 40 ° N. and 45º N.. It is here, on the presented map, we read a little to the south of the city of Tamerlane: “3 cities of Tartar destroyed” (literally “3 Urbes Tartarae, destructae”). Not only Peter Vander Aa speaks about the destruction of cities (not settlements!) In Tartary. In the edition of 1648-49. in Latin called “Parallela geographiae veteris et novae. Tomus 2”by Philip Brietio (Philippo Brietio) when describing Moscow Tartary, which was part of Muscovy (attention! This is not part of the state of Great Tartary), a city (regional center), destroyed by something inexplicable, is also mentioned.

The name of the region Pohem or Pohemum (Pohem, Pohemum), which was destroyed by the Muscovites (“a Moschovitis urbs extructa”), is also indicated on the line above. It speaks of cities (urbs), obviously, it means the settlements of the Pogem / Pochem region in the large Siberia region (in Moscow Tartary). This is to the question that the spread of the Kremlin's power in Siberia was bloodless, and all local residents, without exception, allegedly did not resist the expansion of the Muscovites. Here the author of the book distinguishes the reasons for the destruction of these two regions in Siberia - that is, there was still a difference between simple destruction and destruction at the hands of the Muscovites; the destruction was simply of a different nature. Apparently, due to periodic floods in these regions, the trees did not have time to reach a great height and had thin trunks, as befits the trunks of old trees.

The destruction of cities and the flood is written on the map of the Englishman Speed in 1626:

Here, near the lake “Cincui hay” (I don't even know how to read it correctly), somewhere on the border between Tartary, China-China and India, there is a postscript:

“In the province of Saney, a round lake was created by a flood in 1557 … in the w … (apparently,“in this place”or something similar in meaning) there were 7 cities in the district, suburban towns, villages and a large number of people. Once a boy was found either in the body of a tree, or in his body there was something wooden.

In general, the flood was of a frenzied force, it was not just a flood that sometimes happens and gradually fades away. One can imagine the size of this lake, which was formed as a result of a catastrophe. The event took place south of the Lop Desert (Gobi). But we also read about the destroyed cities on the map of Peter Van der Aa in 1729, very close to Tamerlane.

They write in plain text about the flood or frequent floods in the territory of the former Tartary even later. The author's book Huc Évariste-Régis (1813-1860) says about the journey of several Frenchmen to these lands (approximate translation):

“During these days of painful anticipation, we continued to live in the gorges, the land of Tartarus, dependent on the kingdom of Ouniot. These countries (lands) seem to have been overthrown by great revolutions. The current inhabitants claim that in ancient times the country was occupied by Korean tribes who were driven out by wars and took refuge on the peninsula that they now have between the Yellow and Japan Seas. In this part of Tartary, we often come across the remains of old granites and fragments of castles, which are very similar to the remains of medieval Europe. When you search among this rubble (debris), it is not uncommon to find spears, arrows, wreckage of weapons and urns filled with Korean coins.

In the middle of the 17th century, the Chinese began to enter this country. It was still great at the time; the mountains were crowned with beautiful forests, Mongolian tents were scattered here and there, at the bottom of the valley among the fat pastures. At a very modest price, the Chinese received permission to clean up the desert. Gradually (their) culture made progress; the tartars were forced to migrate and drive their herds to another place. From that moment on, the country soon changed its face. All the trees were torn out …”. (the book can be found at Galica.bnf.fr)

Here you can add another version of the destruction of the capital and other cities of Tartary - revolution. But it will be more difficult to investigate this factor. Almost all documents of the boorish "administration" were destroyed. Could the weapon of that time completely, practically to zero, destroy such a large city? Perhaps, at first, the elements swept across the region, and then “disgruntled” or “foreign agents” (or both) cleaned up what was left after the disaster.

Interestingly, the Frenchman describes fragments of granite and fragments of buildings that are very similar to European ones. Then what does the Koreans have to do with it? Most likely (this is confirmed by archaeological finds in these places) a completely different people lived here - not Koreans. And under their coins were meant coins with unknown inscriptions like the Manchu (the Manchus are called tartar-tunguts, who conquered China-Chin in the 1660s). Are not those Koreans who left behind mounds and Scythian beads in Inner Mongolia near Ordos, and mummies or these Koreans - tall, fair-haired and white-skinned - are found in North China? It is enough to study in detail the ancient and so-called ancient architecture of Koreans and understand that these destroyed “medieval” (!) Palaces were built by anyone, but definitely not by Koreans, Japanese or Chinese.

At the end of this big topic regarding the capital of Tartary, which disappeared for an unknown reason, I would like to note one more important detail. After the disappearance of Khanbalik / Khambalu, no other capital appears in Tartary (some European authors continue to indicate Cambalu as the capital of Tartary for several decades), and the country itself is gradually conquered either by the Muscovites, who are attempting to occupy the north of Tartaria, or by the Chinese, who (although the emperors China-Chins and are of Tartar origin) gnaw the south and east of the country. In the Caucasus, the region of Circassia, dependent on Persia, was formed, previously subordinate to the Great Ham. Tartary, like the late USSR, is bursting at the seams, neighboring states are pulling the empire apart. The ruler of the country disappears practically together with Khanbalik / Khambalu. The fact that the illustrations of the Dutchman Peter Vander Aa seem to depict the Great Ham can speak of two scenarios.

Either the capital was destroyed, and Ham survived and ruled a country without a capital for some time (as in the illustration, where the “prince” sits in a classic Tartar tent with a special top).

Or these drawings were made in 1729 according to rumors and eyewitness accounts who saw Ham much earlier.

On maps and in printed publications after the middle - second half of the 17th century (1640-1700), we see the disappearance of the capital, the residence of the Great Ham is not mentioned anywhere. Tartary is divided into Moscow (belonging to Muscovy), Chinese-Chinskaya (belonging to China-Chin) and Free / Independent, which is obviously so named due to its independence from neighboring states, for example, Persia, with which it borders. There is also Tartary Malaya, but in the 18th century, together with the Crimea, it belongs to the Ottoman Empire, the ruling dynasty of which is from Tartaria (more precisely, its region - Turkestan), which can be learned from Latin sources of the Middle Ages. Tibet with Lhasa comes under the jurisdiction of Beijing. There are many hordes scattered across the territory of Independent and Chinese-Chin Tartaria with their local khans and khanchiks ("princes"). In other words, after some events from the middle to the second half of the 18th century, Tartary loses its famous center, built in the “European” manner, and begins to fall apart.

In the next article, we will find the exact location of Khanbalik. We will justify why it is in this area that you need to look for traces of the legendary Asian city, and not in another, we will find out what could have destroyed it. And we will also expand our horizons with a multitude of recently discovered facts about this mysterious country - Tartaria.