Capital of Great Tartary. Part 1. Khambalyk

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Among many researchers of Great Tartary, one important misconception is quite common. It concerns the capital of the country. There is an opinion that Tobolsk was the main city of Tartary. It is not true. Tobolsk was the capital of Siberia and Moscow Tartary as a whole, and even then not for long. The original and real capital of independent Tartary was the city of Hambalyk, or Khanbalu. What happened to the great Scythian city will be discussed in a series of articles about the capital of Great Tartary.

The city of Hambalyk, aka Kambala, aka Kanbalu, in the earliest mentions - Khanbalyk, is found on old European maps a few decades after the date of the founding of Tartary. It can often be seen that the words “Tartaria” and “Scythia” stand side by side or are meant as synonyms. By the way, with regard to the date of the founding of Tartary, one of the cards can read that Genghis Khan founded Tartary in 1290 on the site of Scythia, although the official history indicates the first half of the XIII century as the era of the creation of this state. About the Scythians, the same official historical "science" writes that at that time they no longer existed as a people. Probably extinct like dinosaurs (just kidding). Below is a medieval map from around the 13th century.

In general, studying ancient sources and comparing them with modern historiography, it is difficult to refrain from ironic smirks and surprised exclamations like “How ?! Why?! What?!! . This is so, a lyrical digression (just rolled over).

The capital of Tartary on the maps of contemporaries

So that's it. The capital of Tartary on old maps is located in the large region of Katay, which is east of the Lop Desert, it is also the Shamo or Xamo Desert, it is also the current Gobi Desert. To the west of the Gobi Desert is the Kara-Katay region, that is, the Black Katay (Kalmyks are usually placed in these places). Catay itself is located next to the Tartar River and the city of the same name, which, in fact, gave the name to the country.

In other words, Tartaria is Scythia, which became the center of the Asian federation of small “republics” and tribes. It is interesting that the ancestral lands of the Scythians, whose leaders headed the state, lie in the lands of Gog and Magog, next to the Imaum mountains (in any case, this name of the mountains is indicated by Western cartographers).

Jewish, Christian and Muslim ideologues write about Gog and Magog that they are either cities or descendants of a Jewish Old Testament character. Fear, say the Abrahamic religions, after a thousand years of their dominion, these people of Gog and Magog, these disseminators of sin and ignorance, will go to war against the Jews and invade the Holy Land (in particular, Jerusalem), but they will lose the sacred battle (of course, the Jews will be helped their god, as happened in biblical times). Tartars, or the people of Gog and Magog, were depicted on early European maps as cannibals, cannibals, savages, barbarians, subhumans. Read more about the people of Gog and Magog in the article Real White MoGoLo - Tartars.

Near these lands you can find the city-residence of the great ham (khan); later this point on the map became known as the city of Khambalyk. The invasion of the Tartars, that is, the citizens of Tartaria and the loyal subjects of the great boor, was perceived in the West as the very invasion under the brand of Gog and Magog. Sometimes the similarity of the words Magog, Moal, Mogol, Mungal, Mongol is noted here. further, in the course of the investigation, we will prove that the city of Khambalyk was located on the territory of modern Mongolia. Therefore, after a while they began to ascribe a second name to the tartars - "Mongol". Although, in fact, Mungalia was simply located near the Katay region (the city of Khambalyk located there) and had nothing to do with the management of Tartary. And the ham himself was neither Mongol, nor Kalmyk, nor Tibetan. He was neither a Christian nor a Muslim. He, as well as the ruling elite, were Scythians with their non-Abramistic religion.

It is important to note here that according to modern research in the field of DNA genealogy under the leadership of Professor Anatoly Alekseevich Klyosov, the founder of this scientific direction, the ancestral home of the Aryans (an ancient white people with the “Aryan” haplogroup R1A) is precisely this part of Asia - between Tibet and Turkestan / Turkmenistan. What can be seen from the map diagram:

By the way, a little to the west and south of the city of Hambalyk on old maps you can see the "Aria" (ARIA) region, more precisely, somewhere between modern Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is interesting that in these mountainous places the Kalash people with European genetics still live, and representatives of this nationality connect their origin with the campaign of Alexander the Great (or the Great) to Asia. And yes, indeed, on old maps in these places I found as many as three Alexandria, something like strongholds of the world famous commander. The national women's clothing of the Kalash-pagans resembles the Bulgarian-Macedonian, the speech of the people "Kasivo" (the self-name of the Kalash) is very similar to the ancient Indian language Sanskrit (in addition, Russian is similar to it, but not so much). On Fra Mauro's 1450 map, Aria is adjacent to Turkestan.

But back to the city of Khambalyk (Khanbalu). If you succumb to the desire to interpret historical names through the prism of Slavic languages, then we can assume that Khan / Khambalyk originated among foreigners from “khan valy”, “khan's meadow” … But we will not fantasize, and we will see how contemporaries portray this city and what they write about him.

On the same Fra Mauro map from 1450, the city of Hambalyk is the largest in the world, judging by the size of the palaces of the Tartar capital. European cities and provinces seem to us, according to medieval cartographers, negligible in comparison with Khambalyk. In general, cities in Asia are portrayed as beautiful, with courageous architecture, a kind of fortress palaces. And Europe is like a union of villages, backyards of humanity; cities are like little houses. Perhaps the cartographer had little space at his disposal, after all, Europe is much smaller than Asia. But even in this case, he would hardly have allowed himself not to note the greatness of the capitals of the medieval kingdoms, the beauty, grace of their architecture and not to neglect the indication of less significant cities, after all, Fra Mauro was a European. This means, most likely, Asia was in fact a more developed part of the world.

On later maps, Europeans indicate the exact size of the city of Khambalyk (and then you understand why it was drawn so large at that time) - 28 miles in circumference! 28 miles! This is … 45 kilometers! In the Middle Ages!

“Frankfurt played an important role in the Holy Roman Empire. German kings and emperors, starting in 885, were elected in Frankfurt and crowned in Aachen. Since 1562, kings and emperors began to be crowned in Frankfurt and Maximilian II became the first king to be crowned in Frankfurt …”, - Wikipedia informs us.

Have you seen Frankfurt am Main in the 15th century? It is one of the largest German cities. And in general, where at least one map before the 16th century indicated such a country or empire as the Holy Roman? In the process of studying many maps of the Middle Ages, I did not come across any with such a state. Only such towns, maximum of a country like Galia, Polonia, Spain … And on these maps you can also see Chaldea, Babylon and Khazaria (Middle Ages!), But this is a topic for another article.

And this map also shows Moscow, more precisely, the Kremlin. The signature says that this is Muscovy. And there are also Amazonia, Alana and other cities nearby, which, according to modern historical logic, should not be near Muscovy. Moscow in the 15th century is portrayed quite to itself "in Moscow", therefore it can be assumed that most of the architectural structures depicted on the map are close to their real appearance at that time. This map clearly shows us that Muscovy at that time was only a small region within a larger state. It is difficult to believe that this fortified town (like some provincial Frankfurt on the same map) was an independent state, most likely Muscovy was a small principality, at least in the first half of the 15th century.

Now do you understand how huge the capital city of Tartary was? What a country, such a capital!

Let us remember this important characteristic of Khambalyk - 28 miles in circumference. A little later we will go to the place where this city most likely stood.

Another interesting feature of Tartary, the Katay region and the capital of Khanbalu / Khambalyk is the constant semantic link to the name of Alexander the Great (the Great). And the older the card, the stronger and more obvious the connection between the khan and Alexander the Great. Here is a map of the 14th century (as claimed by the researchers) - Catalan Atlas. When you look at it, the familiar system of knowledge about the history of the world collapses in your head. But we'll go to Asia. And what do we see there?

In the northernmost part of Asia, known at that time, there is a mountain-fenced area called "Gog and Magog", where a dressed-up king rides on a horse, behind are courtiers - bearded, in typical medieval Russian hats. On the waving flag is a winged, tailed creature, obviously a dragon or a griffin (as on the flag of Tartary). To the left of the ruler, something is written about “Gog and Magog”, but what exactly is difficult to make out. The king (apparently, the khan himself) holds in his hand a staff with a gold knob, similar to a fleur-de-lis. Khan and his subjects are of European appearance with light brown hair and beards.

In the neighboring region, also surrounded by mountains, Alexander is depicted - twice. Once he is painted holding branches with golden leaves-coins, which are falling to the sides. Alexander is surrounded by the nobility, in one of those who praise the name of Alexander a priest is guessed (by the headdress typical of Catholic popes). The clothes and hats of the courtiers are rather European. On the right, there are several monks with hairstyles, which were fashionable at that time among the clergy of the Catholic Church.

The second time Alexander the Great is in the same “cell” area, he is drawn by some demon pointing his finger at the city. According to the translation made in the article Translation into Russian of the Catalan map and the map of Fra Mauro, it is written here that by trick Alexander locked Gogov and Magogov here; and for them he ordered the casting of two trumpeters, who, even before the 16th century, were sometimes depicted on maps somewhere in the mountains near Katay.

Who knows, maybe it was here that events unknown to us led to the death of the great commander. After all, the people of Gog and Magog began to build an empire, and Alexander perished, glorified by the Europeans. Only a few cities and towns from its former glory of the conqueror remained.

By the way, right there, side by side, if you jump over the mountain ridge, you can find the city of Chanbalech, the inscription “Khanbaleh … of the Great Khan Katai” and the khan himself - a light-bearded uncle in a golden crown who holds a rod with “a la heraldic lily” … The clothes are loose, the crown is classic. It is curious that the ruler of Kataya (in this case, if taken literally, so far only the Kataya states) sits on the throne, and not in the lotus position, like the rulers of Turkey (or what was there at that time) and Africa. This is how the khan looked, gentlemen filmmakers, do not lie to people, do not portray the khans of tartars with narrow-eyed mattresses in leather and skins! And this is far from the only such image of the khan on maps and in books up to the 18th century.

Here we see that on the map of 1375 (let's try to believe in the correctness of this date) Tartary is not yet registered in world politics as a state, but Katay is. I could not find the word “emperor”, but they often write that “khan” in the local dialect means “emperor”. And yet we do not find the word "Tartary" here. Western cartographers of the 16-17th century write that this state was founded by Genghis Khan in 1290 (unfortunately, I can no longer find a map where this date is indicated, but whoever looks will definitely find it). It is theoretically possible that in those days the news of the creation of a new state went from Asia to Europe for almost a hundred years. And it is also possible that the real period of the creation of Tartary is the XIV century, and not the end (and certainly not the first half) of the XIIIth, as modern history claims (she generally likes to make everything old).

Thus, we see that the conquest came from Katay, the country of Gog and Magog, which existed during the time of Alexander the Great (that is, not much earlier than the XI century AD). The capital of Katai, the residence of the khan, the city of Hanbaleh (this name is more often found on maps of the XIV-XV centuries), was located next to the primordial Chinese lands.

Earlier copies of the maps do not show either Beijing or the Great Wall of China, which, according to historians, was built at that time for more than one century. It is strange why Western cartographers knew nothing about such a great structure of our time. They learn about the Chinese (Chinai, Chin) wall, which was built from the invasion of Tartars, later. We can see it on maps from about the 16th century. Also, China-Chin is not marked on any map as a great power, as a huge empire. The borders of China-China passed along the Great Chinese-Chin wall, that is, this country was not large. The place where traces of the Tartar capital are now located was later swallowed up by the expanding Chinese state.

But, keeping the intrigue, we note once again that Hanbalu was a city with palaces, as evidenced by Marco Polo. Let's see what else was in the Cathay area in the 15th century according to Fra Mauro.

Marco Polo about Katai and Khanbalik

And now we read what he writes about the capital of Tartary, Marco Polo, who for many years lived at the court of Kublai Khan allegedly until the end of the 13th century, which, as we see, is unlikely, given the constant shifts of dates in the modern official history of the world. Most likely, if you believe the medieval authors that Tartaria was founded in 1290 by Genghis Khan, then it turns out that his grandson Khan Kublai ruled from about the middle of the XIV century, that is, from about 1350. On the maps of this period, Tartary is not yet, for example, on the Catalan atlas of 1375. Considering the speed with which information about the East was updated in the West, this is quite understandable. Most likely, Khubilai and Marco Polo lived later than the period attributed to official history, about a hundred years.

What does the Venetian Marco Polo write about the capital? We will not go deep into this topic. We will only mention that a 12-mile bridge stood on the way to the city, 3 thousand buildings for public events were built and functioned in Khanbalik, it is also known that several thousand prostitutes worked in the capital. Marco Polo, in his description of Tartaria of that time, also pays attention to the fountain and gardens of Ham, mines of gold and silver, the emperor's pavilion (Ham), palaces and beautiful places of Khanbalik.

In the next parts of the cycle, we will talk about what the city of Hambalu and Shambhala have in common, in addition to consonant names, as well as how and why this city disappeared from the generally accepted historical annals.