High blood pressure in the past?

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Many independent researchers in the study of technology have questions. One group of them is studying possible technologies, provided that the earth's conditions in the past corresponded to the present. Others suggest a change in earthly conditions, but do not correlate with the technologies that existed on earth at that time. And by the way, this topic is interesting.

So a change in pressure entails a change in the properties of all substances, physical and chemical reactions proceed in a completely different way. Techniques that are currently in effect are becoming useless or of little use, and those that are inactive and of little use are becoming useful.

There is a lot of research on advanced techniques in the production of steel, brick (porcelain), electricity and many other subjects. Everyone is amazed at the decline that so quickly overtook civilization 200-300 years ago.

What do we know about pressure? What facts do we have? What theories do we know?

I want to start with Larin's theory. It is his theory that the structure of the Earth is metal-hydride, which is the starting point in the construction of the theory that previously the pressure on the earth was higher than the current one. We will use publicly available sources.

We all know Lake Baikal - the deepest lake in the world. Read the news the main thing

Miracle gas hydrates

The unique deep-sea vehicles "Mir-1" and "Mir-2" for three seasons of the expedition made about 180 dives, discovered a lot of finds at the bottom of Lake Baikal and gave rise to dozens, and maybe even hundreds of scientific discoveries.

The scientific leader of the expedition "Miry" on Lake Baikal, Alexander Egorov, believes that the most amazing discoveries are associated with the most unexpected forms of gas and oil manifestations at the bottom of Lake Baikal, which were discovered. The employees of the Irkutsk Limnological Institute, however, discovered them much earlier, but it was not possible to understand what it is, to see it firsthand.

“In 2008, during the first expedition, we found bizarre bitumen structures at the bottom of Lake Baikal,” says the scientist. - Gas hydrates take a large part in the mechanism of formation of such buildings. Perhaps, in the future, all energy can be built on gas hydrates, which will be extracted from deep-sea areas of the ocean. There are also such phenomena on Baikal.

In 2009, an important discovery was also made of gas hydrates that are exposed at the bottom at a depth of 1400 meters - the underwater mud volcano St. Petersburg. It was only the third outcrop in the world after the Gulf of Mexico and the coast near Vancouver.

An unusual phenomenon is that usually gas hydrates are sprinkled with precipitation and cannot be seen, which makes it impossible to study them with the help of underwater vehicles. Scientists piloting the Mira managed to see it, get it, and conduct a unique study.

“We were the first to manage to get gas hydrates in an unpressurized container; before, no one else in the world was able to do this. I think this is a rehearsal for the extraction of gas hydrates from the bottom.

In addition, during the dives, incredible physical phenomena took place in front of the scientists. The gas bubbles trapped in the trap suddenly began to transform into gas hydrate, and then, as the depth decreased, the researchers could observe the process of their decomposition.

We read other news and highlight the main thing

After another descent into the depths of Lake Baikal, scientists began to call its bottom golden. Deposits of gas hydrates - a unique fuel - are located at the very bottom and in huge quantities. That's just getting them out on land is very problematic.

They couldn't believe their eyes when they saw this. The depth is 1400 meters. The Miras were already completing their diving near Olkhon, when the attention of the pilot of the bathyscaphe and two observers - scientists from the Irkutsk Limnological Institute - was attracted by unusual layers of hard rock. At first they thought it was marble. But under the clay and sand, a transparent substance appeared, very similar to ice.

When we looked more closely, it became clear that these are gas hydrates - a crystalline substance consisting of water and methane gases, a source of hydrocarbons. So, with their own eyes, scientists have never seen it in Lake Baikal, although they assumed that it exists, and in approximately what places. Samples were taken immediately with the help of a manipulator.

"We have been working in the oceans for many years, looking. There have been such expeditions in which the goal was to find. We often found small inclusions. But such layers … It doesn't matter what a piece of gold was holding in my hands in this dive. Therefore, for me it was fantastic. impressions ", - says Evgeny Chernyaev, Hero of Russia, pilot of the Mir deep-sea vehicle.

The discovery of scientists excited. The Miras were here last summer, but they found nothing. This time, we also managed to see gas volcanoes - these are places where methane comes out from the bottom of Lake Baikal. Such geysers can be clearly seen in the pictures taken with the echo sounder.

"In 2000, while investigating the middle of Baikal, we found a structure - the mud volcano St. Petersburg. In 2005, we discovered a gas torch about 900 meters high in the area of this mud volcano. And over the past years, we have been observing gas flares in this area.", - explains Nikolay Granin, head of the laboratory of hydrology of the Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the expedition "Mira" on Lake Baikal.

According to experts, gas hydrates contain the same amount of hydrocarbon as in all explored sources of oil and gas. They are being searched all over the world. For example, in Japan and India, where there is a shortage of these minerals. Scientists believe that the reserves of gas hydrates in Lake Baikal are about the same as gas in the large Kovykta field in the north of the Irkutsk region.

"Gas hydrates are the fuel of the future. Nobody will extract it on Baikal. But they will be extracted in the ocean. It will be in 10-20 years. It will become the main fossil fuel," Mikhail Grachev, director of the Limnological Institute of the SB RAS, is sure.

It turned out to be impossible to lift gas hydrates from the bottom of the lake. At the depth of Lake Baikal, under high pressure and at low temperatures, they remain solid. Approaching the surface of the lake, the samples exploded and melted.

In a few hours the deep-sea submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2 will make new dives at Lake Baikal. The members of the expedition will continue their exploration of the Olkhon Gate. Scientists are sure that the sacred lake keeps many more secrets that they have to unravel.

Let's read about metal hydrides

Hydrogen - metal systems

Hydrogen-metal systems are often prototypes in the study of a number of fundamental physical properties. The extreme simplicity of the electronic properties and the low mass of hydrogen atoms make it possible to analyze phenomena at the microscopic level. The following tasks are considered:

Rearrangement of the electron density near a proton in an alloy with low hydrogen concentrations, including a strong electron-ion interaction

Determination of indirect interaction in a metal matrix through the perturbation of the "electron liquid" and deformation of the crystal lattice.

At high hydrogen concentrations, the problem arises of the formation of a metallic state in alloys with a nonstoichiometric composition.

Hydrogen-metal alloys

Hydrogen localized in the interstices of the metal matrix weakly distorts the crystal lattice. From the point of view of statistical physics, the model of the interacting "lattice gas" is realized. Of particular interest is the study of thermodynamic and kinetic properties near the points of phase transition. At low temperatures, a quantum subsystem is formed with a high energy of zero-point vibrations and with a large amplitude of displacement. This makes it possible to study quantum effects during phase transformations. The high mobility of hydrogen atoms in a metal makes it possible to study diffusion processes. Another area of research is the physics and physical chemistry of surface phenomena of the interaction of hydrogen with metals: the decay of a hydrogen molecule and adsorption on the surface of atomic hydrogen. Of particular interest is the case when the initial state of hydrogen is atomic, and the final state is molecular. This is important when creating metastable metal-hydrogen systems.

Application of hydrogen - metal systems

Hydrogen purification and hydrogen filters

Powder metallurgy

The use of metal hydrides in nuclear reactors as moderators, reflectors, etc.

Isotope separation

Fusion reactors - extraction of tritium from lithium

Water dissociation devices

Fuel cell and battery electrodes

Hydrogen storage for car engines based on metal hydrides

Heat pumps based on metal hydrides, including air conditioners for vehicles and homes

Energy converters for thermal power plants

Intermetallic metal hydrides

Hydrides of intermetallic compounds are widely used in industry. The majority of rechargeable batteries and accumulators, for example, for cell phones, portable computers (laptops), photo and video cameras contain a metal hydride electrode. These batteries are environmentally friendly as they do not contain cadmium.

Can we read more about metal hydrides?

First of all, the dissolution of hydrogen in a metal turns out to be not a simple mixing of it with metal atoms - hydrogen at the same time gives up its electron, which it has only one, and remains an absolutely "naked" proton. And the dimensions of a proton are 100 thousand times (!) Smaller than the dimensions of any atom, which ultimately (together with the enormous concentration of charge and mass of a proton) allows it to even penetrate deeply into the electron shell of other atoms (this ability of a bare proton has already been proven experimentally). But penetrating inside another atom, the proton, as it were, increases the charge of the nucleus of this atom, increasing the attraction of electrons to it and thus reducing the size of the atom. Therefore, the dissolution of hydrogen in a metal, no matter how paradoxical it may seem, can lead not to the looseness of such a solution, but, on the contrary, to the compaction of the initial metal. Under normal conditions (that is, at normal atmospheric pressure and room temperature) this effect is negligible, but at high pressure and temperature it is quite significant.

As you can understand from what you have read, the existence of hydrides is possible in our time.

The ongoing reactions under existing conditions confirm that some substances most likely arose during a period of increased pressure on the ground. For example, the reaction of obtaining aluminum hydride. “For a long time it was believed that aluminum hydride could not be obtained by direct interaction of elements, therefore, the above indirect methods were used for its synthesis. However, in 1992, a group of Russian scientists carried out a direct synthesis of hydride from hydrogen and aluminum, using high pressure (above 2 GPa) and temperature (more than 800 K). Due to the very harsh conditions of the reaction, at the moment the method has only a theoretical value. Everyone knows about the reaction of the transformation of diamond into graphite and vice versa, where the catalyst is pressure or its absence. In addition, what do we know about the properties of substances at a different pressure? Practically nothing.

Unfortunately, we do not yet possess the theory of laws associated with changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances at high pressures, for example, there is no thermodynamics of ultrahigh pressures. In this area, experimenters have a clear advantage over theoreticians. Over the past ten years, practitioners have been able to show that at extreme pressures, many reactions occur that are not feasible under normal conditions. So, at 4500 bar and 800 ° C, the synthesis of ammonia from elements in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide proceeds with a yield of 97%

But nevertheless, from the same source we know that The above facts show that ultra-high pressure has a very significant effect on the properties of pure substances and their mixtures (solutions). We have mentioned here only a small part of the effects of high pressure affecting the course of chemical reactions (in particular, on the effect of pressure on some phase equilibria.) A more complete consideration of this issue should also include data on the effect of pressure on viscosity, electrical and magnetic properties of substances, etc.

But the presentation of such data is beyond the scope of this brochure. Of great interest is the appearance of metallic properties in non-metals at ultrahigh pressures. Essentially, in all these cases, we are talking about the excitation of atoms, leading to the appearance of free electrons in the substance, which is characteristic of metals. It is known, for example, that at 12,900 atm and 200 ° (or 35,000 at and room temperature) yellow phosphorus irreversibly transforms into a denser modification - black phosphorus, which exhibits metallic properties that are absent in yellow phosphorus (metallic luster and high electrical conductivity). A similar observation was made for tellurium. In this regard, mention should be made of one interesting phenomenon discovered in the study of the internal structure of the Earth.

It turned out that the density of the Earth at a depth equal to approximately half the Earth's radius increases abruptly. Currently, hundreds of laboratories in all countries of the world are studying the various properties of substances at ultrahigh pressures. However, only 15-20 years ago there were very few such laboratories."

Now we can look completely differently at the statements of some researchers about the use of electricity in the past and places of worship acquire a practical purpose. Why? With increasing pressure, the electrical conductivity of the substance increases. Could this substance be air? What do we know about lightning? Do you think there were more or less of them with increased pressure? And if we add the magnetic fields of the earth, would we not be able to do something with the gust of electrified wind (air) with the copper domes? What do we know about this? Nothing.

Let's think, what should be the soil in an elevated atmosphere, what is its composition we would observe? Could hydrides be present in the upper layers of the soil, or at least how deep would they lie under increased pressure? As we have already read, the field of application of hydrides is extensive. If we assume that in the past there was the possibility of mining hydrides (or maybe huge open pits were just mining for hydrides in the past?), Then the methods of production of various materials were different. The energy sector would also be different. In addition to the generated static electricity, it would be possible to use gas hydrides, metal hydrides in engines of the past. And given the density of the air, why not exist for flying vimanas?

Suppose a catastrophe of a planetary scale has occurred (it is enough for it to simply change the pressure on the Earth) and all knowledge about the nature of matter becomes useless, numerous man-made disasters occur. With the decomposition of hydrides, a sharp release of hydrogen would occur, after which the ignition of hydrogen, metals, any substance that became unstable under new conditions would be possible. The entire well-functioning industry is crumbling. The combustion of hydrogen would cause the formation of water, steam (hello to the flood supporters) And we find ourselves in the past 200-300 years ago with horse-drawn traction, with all the experiments and discoveries in the newly formed conditions of the surrounding world.

Now we admire the monuments of the past and cannot repeat them. But not because they are stupid or stupid, but because in the past there could have been other conditions and, accordingly, different methods of creating them.