We rediscover the Universe. Part 1. Cosmic wonders

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Most astronomy enthusiasts are content with staring at color pictures from NASA. At the same time, a huge array of amazing black and white images remains unclaimed. Look at the images that you have not seen and try to answer - what is it?

In July 1983, the journal "Technology of Youth" published a very interesting, in my opinion, article. I will cite it in full. (A scan of the magazine on the website zhurnalko.net).

Cosmic wonders available to our eyes

Let's imagine that the activity of highly organized intelligent beings is capable of changing the properties of entire galaxies. Based on this, we will examine the images of these stellar systems and try to find something in them that goes beyond our understanding of the operation of the natural laws of nature. Given the seriousness of our goal, we cannot limit ourselves to examining random photographs of galaxies wandering through the pages of popular publications, but must turn to special astronomical atlases, which contain the most detailed data on all objects of interest to us.

One of the major works in this area is the Palomar Atlas of the Northern Sky, compiled at the Mount Palomar Observatory in 1952 by Wilson (up to 33 ° north declination). He kind of brings the starry sky to the researcher's table, and reproduces it down to very faint objects of the order of 20-21 magnitudes.

Studying the structural features of individual galaxies and their groups, one can notice that they, as a rule, are isolated stellar systems. However, there are cases when galaxies located nearby somehow influence the shape and structure of each other. Such galaxies are called interacting. Some of them are interconnected by one or more bridges-bridges, consisting mainly of stars.

It should be emphasized that the difficulties in studying interacting galaxies are very great. Besides the fact that they are, as a rule, far from us, weak, many are not taken into account even in the "New General Catalog" of NGC and its addition IC. Their morphological study in structural and temporal development is just beginning. The same applies to their classification. There is work to be done here for many generations of astronomers.

There are many examples of galactic interactions. Their forms and features are so diverse and unique that it is not possible to give even the main ones here, in this short article.

The founder of the systematization and study of interacting galaxies is our astrophysicist B. A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov. Using data from the Palomar atlas and other sources, he published several atlases of interacting galaxies since 1959. According to astronomical tradition, interacting galaxies in these atlases are indicated by the first letters of the compiler's surname in Latin.

For example, the pair of interacting galaxies shown in Photo 1 is designated W33. (Here, as in astronomical atlases, photographs are in negatives.)

We will restrict ourselves to considering only interactions that appear in the form of bridges-bridges between galaxies.

Studying these groups of interacting galaxies, for example VV33 and VV34, one is amazed at their "smart" arrangement in space. As if someone deliberately, for their own, unknown to us purposes, creates bridges-bridges, consisting mainly of stars, and surprisingly expediently, with minimal expenditure of "building materials", often in the form of straight lines stretched like a string (photo 1 and 2).

Figures 1-8. Interacting galaxies.

Photos of the most amazing space objects - interacting galaxies with formations unexplained from a natural science point of view: star bridges between them. According to modern concepts, even a head-on collision of galaxies lasting for millions of years should not lead (due to the huge distance between the stars in each of them) to a significant change in the movement of individual stars. Moreover, it cannot cause the creation of an "expedient" design.

A striking chain of five VV172 galaxies, connected in series by bridge-bars (photo 3). It is also striking in this case that the speeds of these five galaxies are almost the same, with the exception of the smaller ones.

Also impressive is the chain of six VV165 galaxies of different sizes, also connected in series by bridge-bridges (photo 4). Photo 5 shows two VV21 galaxies connected not by one bridge, but by two, and on the longer bridge there are several clumps of stars. But photo 6 shows a simply fantastic picture of the interaction of three VV405 galaxies, connected by curved bridges. This bend was probably formed as a result of the rotation of the central galaxy.

Photo 7 shows a galaxy with two satellites VV394 on short jumper legs, once again demonstrating the singularity and uniqueness of these amazing cosmic formations.

Many interpretations of this phenomenon have been proposed to explain the interaction of galaxies. Let us dwell only on some hypotheses.

Some scientists believe that the bars that appear between interacting galaxies are jets of stars ejected from approaching stellar islands as a result of gravity. But such models are immediately objectionable. Indeed, how can such jumpers arise, which are visible, for example, for objects VV33 or VV34. Why did these bars appear when approaching galaxies are at great distances even on cosmic scales, and why do many galaxies that are almost nearby do not have such bars? What keeps these extended thin bridges as long-term formations from destruction? The assumption that they are connected by electromagnetic forces is ruled out, since the bridges consist mainly of stars, and, as you know, the magnetic field cannot control stellar structures. But what then?

Other scientists believe that the observed interactions are not the result of the convergence of galaxies, but the result of the opposite phenomenon - the separation into two or more galaxies after a violent explosive process, and the stellar barriers-bridges are the last gravitational links still remaining between the separated galaxies. And in this case, the same objections remain, which are given above.

Some researchers of interacting galaxies believe that in this case there are some physical phenomena unknown to us, of a completely different nature than the already familiar gravity and magnetism, for example, some hypothetical force that may arise during the manifestation of some fundamental properties of the vacuum, the so-called "lambda force" in Einstein's equations, which creates and holds the bridges. In general, the proposed hypotheses and models of galaxies with connecting bar-bridges are not able to explain this cosmic phenomenon, but this is not all. The galaxies in question presented the researchers with a whole bunch of mysteries, one of which we will now consider.

Let's return to a pair of interacting galaxies VV5216 and VV5218 (photo 1) (VV5216 and VV5218 are galaxies included in the object VV 33). The image shows a long, thin bar that connects the lower large spiral galaxy with a small, apparently elliptical, with a thin tail. So this pair was visible in the Palamar atlas and in the album of V. A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov. The bar goes from the middle of the spiral galaxy to the elliptical one. But it only seemed to be. Photo 8 shows a composite image of these galaxies, in which the lower "spiral galaxy" is represented by the image of ID Karachentsev, obtained with the 6-meter BTA telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The world's greatest telescope "resolved" into separate details this "spiral galaxy", which turned out to be a whole group of galaxies of different sizes. But this is not its mysterious feature. A thin intergalactic bar does not come out of the disk or the core of the spiral, but from the upper star bracket almost perpendicular to it and rushes up to the elliptical galaxy. This has not yet been observed. This picture baffled scientists, and even a hypothetical interpretation of it has not yet been found. Indeed, what processes can explain this mysterious formation?

So, if the proposed hypotheses and models of interacting galaxies are mutually exclusive, then why not offer another, perhaps strange, but undoubtedly bold hypothesis, which claims that these groups of galaxies, connected by star bars, are the result of the activities of cosmic civilizations. It's scary to think, but maybe the luminous bars connecting galaxies are bridges of communication and intelligence between them. Maybe this is a cosmic miracle that we have simply not noticed until now.

Of course, not all interacting galaxies with strange appendages should be considered as evidence of the activities of intelligent beings. Of course, a careful scientific approach to each pair or group of galaxies connected by bridges is required. Here it is necessary to proceed from the "presumption of naturalness" and only after careful research and exhaustion of evidence of the naturalness of the phenomenon can one begin to create acceptable models of its artificiality.

The use of powerful astronomical instruments on Earth and in space will open before us such amazing pictures of the Universe, which we simply do not suspect, but which we must prepare to understand.

And even if today for us, people of a tiny but beautiful planet, these works of distant intelligent beings are still incomprehensible both in scale and in purpose, but one thing is certain: they increase our confidence that we are not alone in the universe.

Discussion. Since the time of W. Herschel, thousands of astronomers have been studying galaxies more and more closely. But we do not know that even one of them tried to find in the structure of these largest objects of the universe traces of the organizing influence of the mind, as the author of the report did.

Specifically, the task of searching for a cosmic miracle, that is, some kind of formation or phenomenon in space, inexplicable on the basis of the natural laws of nature, was clearly formulated almost a quarter of a century ago. Since then, astronomers have been conducting targeted searches for it, but a sufficiently convincing reflection of artificial activity on extraterrestrial objects has not yet been found. Although the researchers had something suspicious in this regard, the "coefficient of artificiality" for all the finds is still extremely low.

One of the reasons for this, in our opinion, is that they are looking not for a miracle in the literal sense of the word, but for quite real objects, the existence of which can be predicted on the basis of the development of our civilization. And for her in our time it is scientifically permissible to predict only the development and transformation of the solar system. Such a limiting forecast was given at the beginning of the century by K. E. Tsiolkovsky. He believed that the desire of mankind for the rational use of the resources at its disposal will lead to the construction of a thin shell from the matter of the planets, made up of many orbital belts revolving around the Sun and completely covering the entire celestial sphere somewhere in the radius of the asteroid belt. This will allow civilization to fully utilize the energy emitted by the central luminary. Half a century later, the American physicist F. Dyson came to this idea in a different way. Then the Soviet scientist G. I. Pokrovsky showed in engineering how such an object could be constructed in practice, gave refined characteristics of the radiation that the Tsiolkovsky - Dyson sphere should have, and indicated two actually observed objects with such characteristics. And although the "coefficient of artificiality" in this case is already quite high, astrophysicists still do not have enough data to recognize or refute Pokrovsky's hypothesis.

How is further development conceived? Tsiolkovsky believed that some part of humanity on giant ships with huge reserves of energy would fly over hundreds or thousands of years to other stars and make the same transformation of their systems. So gradually humanity can master the entire Galaxy. Now we can imagine that using relativistic velocities this process will go faster than Tsiolkovsky believed. We can quite easily imagine how to move the planet (see "TM" No. 7, 1981) and even the entire solar system (see "TM" No. 12, 1979). Astrophysicists suggest that advanced civilizations can, at least in principle, transform stars or at least their atmospheres in order to obtain certain benefits. But in all these cases, the “coefficient of artificiality” in assessing the observed object from the standpoint of the presumption of naturalness remains a value that is insufficient for the definite conclusion.

And all this because we go in research from the possibilities of our civilization, and the higher we rise above them, the less daring the flight of our thought becomes. But even at the end of the last century, the Russian philosopher and playwright A. V Sukhovo-Kobylin substantiated the idea that civilizations in their development should go through telluric (planetary), sidereal (stellar) and galactic stages. And then they turn out to be capable of restructuring entire stellar systems. We still cannot imagine how to rebuild galaxies and why to do this, but relying on the philosophical concepts of the infinity of development and the infinity of the world's diversity, we can imagine that at a certain stage of development, intelligent beings must come to the need for such activity.

So why do we restrict ourselves to the search for what is most difficult to find and isolate - the search for the results of the activities of civilizations with capabilities commensurate with ours? After all, the most powerful, most developed civilizations should have the greatest impact on natural objects. And it is natural to look for them precisely in the structural features of the largest objects in the universe - galaxies. The rebuilt galaxy is truly a cosmic miracle! A. Vorobyov calls us on just this bold path, and that is the meaning of his hypothesis.

*****

Appreciate the flight of thought of Soviet people! They dreamed of moving planets, building galaxies … It is not clear why, but the scale is impressive. Bogatyrs are not us …

The modern majority of the "civilized" world, apart from moving with the "mouse" and building a business career, is not much concerned with anything. - The people are getting smaller …

*****

After reading the article, I decided to rummage around these objects - maybe something will come across … The first circle is empty. On the second one came across an amazing "clearing" for some unknown reason: four bubbles and a dividing "cistern". The size of these containers is enormous compared to the VV 33. On this scale, our Milky Way is a small dot.

Figure 9. Object VV 33 and its surroundings. 1, 2. VV 33.13h32m06.9s + 62d42m03s (3-3600). 3. "Polyana" is made up of 12 photographs. Center - 13h16m00s + 64d0m00s (2-3600). (I'll explain later what the numbers after the coordinates mean).

After such a find, I wanted to find something else. The "dense forest" of the Universe turned out to be a fabulously "mushroom" place …

All images are from Caltech's astronomical site IRSA: Finder Chart. There are many nuances on the site. We'll figure it all out a little later, but for now, just take a look:

Figure 10.1.09h22m12s 19d20m02s (5-600). 2.11h11m05s 22d02m35s (2-1200). 3. From 09h40m00s 18d00m00s (5-3600). 4. From 09h24m00s 22d00m00s (5-3600). 5. From 11h10m30s 74d20m00s (1-3600). 6. From 12h18m56s 09d49m05s (2-3600). 7. From 00h56m00s 16d00m00s (1-3600). 8. From 00h18m31s -20d17m07s (2-3600). 9.03h16m43s -10d51m00s (2-600). 10. From 11h08m07s 03d50m48s (2-600). 11.14h47m43s -00d11m10s (1-1400). 12.10h07m15s 00d13m13s (5-1400). thirteen. From 00h00m00s -43d00m00s (5-3600). 14. From 13h37m44s 76d46m06s (5). 15.10h16m00s 24d00m00s (5-300). 16. From 09h40m00s 18d00m00s (5-3600). "From" means that it is impossible to give exact coordinates. We type in the specified coordinates and look for an object in the image.

A beautiful computer model of the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe (CMSS) has been developed:

Figure 11. Computer model of KMSV

Let's take a look at the real elements of this sponge-web. Let it be black and white, but natural.

Figure 12.10h39m50s 23d58m30s (1-3600)

Figure 13.14h20m00s 14d00m00s (1-3600)

Figure 14. From 11h56m00s to 20d00m00s (2-3600)

Figure 15. From 21h07m30s 00d30m00s (2-3600)

Figure 16. From 01h31m00s -11d10m00s (1-3600)

Figure 17.09h36m00s 21d00m00s (5-3600)

Figure 18.12h49m21s 20d54m09s (5-1500)

Figure 19. From 12h49m00s to 18d00m00s (5-3600)

Figure 20. Previous snapshot in positive image. This is how the CMSB threads look in the Universe.

Figure 21. "Patch". 14h32m00s -89d30m00s (5-1100)

Figure 22. From 06h20m09s 10d11m47s (1-3600)

Let's finish with the elements of the KMSV for now. For dessert - three unusual objects.

Figure 23.03h55m49s -26d59m23s (4-3600)

Figure 24. From 23h00m00s -27d11m00s (5-3600)

Figure 25. The Magic Wand. From 04h00m00s -46d00m00s (5-1600)

In addition to threads and tangles, there is a huge number of bubbles and containers in Space. There are not so many of them by type and can be easily classified. The number of such "vacuoles" cannot be counted …

Let's conventionally call the first type of bubbles “eyes”. The largest family in the universe. They are spherical objects with a kind of spherical luminous content. There are no completely empty "eyes" yet.

Have at least four holes and four strands coming out of the center. Some have minor dents. The shell of the sphere consists of two layers. In the red and blue spectrum, objects are not much different.

Figure 26.1.10h07m21s 16d46m10s (1 - 700). 2.11h14m08s 20d31m45s (3 - 800). 03h59m30s -12d34m28s (5 - 400). 4.16h33m30s -78d53m40s (3 - 800). 5.16h33m30s -78d53m40s (4 - 800). 6.16h20m30s -78d40m22s (4 - 1000)

Let's take a closer look at the second snapshot:

Figure 27.11h14m08s 20d31m45s (3 - 800)

Figure 28. Positive image of the previous snapshot.

The next type looks like a kinder surprise chocolate egg box. "Eyes" are much less common. They are both empty and filled with some kind of crystal. The shell is triple. In the red and blue spectra, objects look different.

Figure 29.1.13h58m00s 15d20m00s (2-3600) red. 2.11h13m00s 56d45m00s (2-3600) red. 3.09h46m22s 54d56m00s (2-3600) red. 4.13h58m00s 15d20m00s (1-3600) blue. 5.11h13m00s 56d45m00s (1-3600) blue. 6.09h46m22s 54d56m00s (1-3600) blue

Figure 30. Positive image of the previous figure.

When magnified, a three-layer shell is clearly visible:

Figure 31.11h13m00s 56d45m00s (2-3600)

Figure 32. "Swim". (11h24m00s-11h35m00s) 27d00m00s (1 - 3600)

The next group of bubbles is lenticular "spotlights" with a very beautiful internal structure. They are both empty and full.

Figure 33.1.19h46m00s -76d45m00s (3 - 3600). 2.09h57m30s 17d10m00s (3 - 3600). 3.13h20m00s -09d30m00s (3 - 3600). 4, 5, 6 - Previous objects in the positive image.

Figure 34.13h20m00s -09d30m00s (3 - 3600)

Below, on a greatly reduced scale, some of the bubbles we have considered are trying to merge into a single whole:

Figure 35. From 00h58m44s 15d55m30s (1 - 3600)

Bubbles of the second type (kinder surprise) are often found nearby multilayer tanks of various shapes:

Figure 36.100h10m00s 06d00m00s (2-3600). 02h05m31s -07d55m00s (2-3600). 3.01h01m14s -11d28m00s (2-3600). 4.10h03m00s 17d00m00s (2-3600). 5.01h01m37s -13d10m00s (2-3600). 6.00h05m00s 08d25m00s (2-3600).

Figure 37.1.14h13m55s 15d10m32s (2-3600). 2.13h26m00s -12d10m00s (2-3600). 3.00h23m00s -04d00m00s (2-3600).

Figure 38.00h56m00s -03d00m00s (2-3600)

Figure 39.11h57m00s 69d45m00s (2-3600)

Figure 40. Sky survey of the Palomar observatory from 07.12.1953. The figure is assembled from 16 adjacent images. (03h20m00s-03h32m00s) - (12d00m00s-14d00m00s) (2 - 3600).

The next group of cosmic wonders is similar in structure to a longitudinal cut of a tree or an openwork washboard. Sometimes the "tree" turns into a "board", so let's combine them into one group.

Figure 41.233600 -130000 (5-3600)

Figure 42.04h16m00s -14d00m00s (5-3600)

Figure 43.01h51m14s -25d00m00s (5-3600)

The "match" on the left side was not alone. In some places - whole garlands.

Figure 44.1.10h24m00s 27d15m20s (5 - 3600). 2.21h12m00s -04d00m00s (5 - 3600). 3.23h17m00s -79d00m00s (5 - 3600). 4.10h44m00s 03d00m00s (5 - 3600). 5.03h33m30s -07d20m00s (5 - 3600). 6.09h40m00s 20d00m00s (4 - 3600).

Figure 45.10h24m00s 27d15m20s (5-3600)

Figure 46.23h17m00s -79d00m00s (5-3600)

After such "landscapes" I remembered the Egyptian Goddess of the Sky Nut. The ancient Egyptians imagined her as a huge cow, whose body was strewn with stars.

Figure 47. The sacred cow of the ancient Egyptians.

The question may arise: why are there no such miracles in the night sky? Everything is very simple. The solar system is surrounded by the stars of the Milky Way, only we can see them. Unusual pictures remain behind the veil of our galaxy. Only telescopes can break through this veil.

There are a lot of amazing objects in Space. They are not hidden, they are simply not advertised. In order not to climb into the astronomical "garden", we are entertained with color pictures, like the Papuans with beads, and professionals are engaged in black and white reality.

At first glance, all this seems strange and incomprehensible. In fact, each of us studied similar structures in school, starting from the fifth grade. Remember …

*****

A small instruction on how to work with the IRSA website.

Go to the IRSA website: Finder Chart.

Figure 48. The main page of the site "IRSA: Seeker Graph".

If you don’t know English, it’s better to work in a browser with automatic translation. In the Russian version, there is some displacement of windows and buttons, but this does not affect the operation of the site. Not all browsers are correct with this resource. I use Yandex.

In the window that opens, make the following changes:

• in the line "Name or Postion: - Name or Position" - fill in the coordinates: 13h58m00s 15d20m00s (can be copied from here).

• in the line "Image Size: - Image Size" - set the viewing angle to 2500 seconds, maximum 3600.

• in the line "Display Size: - Display Size" - depending on the speed of your computer and the Internet, you can put any size of the requested images. The most convenient "Medium - Medium".

• in the line "Select Images: - Select Images" - leave a check mark only on DSS. We remove the rest. Other image databases (SDSS, 2MASS, WISE, etc.) also have interesting images. To begin with, we will limit ourselves to DSS only.

• in the line "Search Corresponding Catalog (s) - Search for the corresponding catalog" - put a full stop in "No" (we refuse to download catalogs). After that, all the underlying lines will disappear.

Figure 49. Window for entering coordinates and parameters.

• click "Search - Start"). A window with five images will open:

Figure 50. Snapshots.

Interesting objects will be designated as follows: coordinates; + No. of the picture; + image size (angle of view). Example: 13h58m00s 15d20m00s (1 - 2500).

Click on the first image (a yellow outline will appear) and click on the black square. After a small image appears in the center, enlarge it by clicking. In this view, it is convenient to view all five images.

Figure 51. Photo of the Palomar Observatory dated 04.17.1950. (blue spectrum).

Click on the arrow and go to the second image:

Figure 52. Photo of the Palomar Observatory dated 04.17.1950. (red spectrum).

The same object, at the same time, but in the red spectrum.

If you need to view or save only a part of the image, use the tool - "Select area for cropping or statistics". Click on the dotted square - it will become darker:. Select the objects of interest to us and click on - "Crop the image in the selected area." A cut-out area appears in the center. We increase it to its original size:

Figure 53. Cutout from Figure 52.

Let's move on to the fourth shot:

Figure 54. Snapshot 20.04.1996.

It was made forty-six years after the first and second. The bubble floated away, the threads of the KMSV appeared.

To save the desired picture, click. The "Save Image" window will appear:

Figure 55. Saving the image.

Place a dot on the PNG

To search for other coordinates, press the "Search" button and fill in the new values.

There are many nuances on the site that are constantly being added. Fans of puzzles will not be bored here.

Sometimes, a window comes out without pictures:

Figure 56. An empty window.

In this case, click on - "Show all as tiles". We will consider other nuances as we go.