Caving systems and sinkholes

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-02 02:33

Another technology that has recently begun to be actively used in the development of ore bodies. Technology is less costly than careers, but requires more preparation time. At the end of the article, let's see what it leads to and suggest, after reading, viewing, everyone think and draw their own conclusions. And once again thanks wakeuphuman for interesting thoughts and suggestions on the material.

Detailed information about this technology. To immediately understand what this technology is, I suggest watching these two short videos:

Mining technology in more detail:

As you can see, this is a very complex technology in terms of preparation for production, requiring great accuracy and calculations.

Development systems with caving of ore and enclosing rocks are widely used in the practice of mining ore deposits. These systems are usually used as stand-alone systems for the excavation of individual ore bodies or as auxiliary ones for the excavation of pillars and ceilings left behind by other mining systems. The development of the system of forced collapse of the storey was started in the Krivoy Rog basin before 1941, after 1945 this system was widely used at the mine. Dzerzhinsky and other mines of the Krivoy Rog basin, as well as at a number of mines for the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores. A variant of the system of sublevel caving with ore breaking by fan-shaped sets of deep boreholes or boreholes - “closed fan” is widely used in the mines of the Krivoy Rog basin.

You can google on this topic: Block Caving Mining Method, there will be a lot of material in English

Those. it is clear that the ore body is sprinkled under its own weight and this crushed stone is removed from the adits and processed: either to an enrichment plant (which can also be underground), or waste rock (if any) - immediately to the dump But what happens after this underground mining on the surface:

Dips from this technology through the underground collapse of the ore body

These are photographs of sinkholes that in the depths of the adits refer specifically to this type of mining. And try to make a comparison with those failures that will be presented below.

These are all failures from the use of this technology.

Tuimsky failure. Khakassia. This failure occurred, although not using this technology, but it is precisely the failure that occurred after the collapse into empty faces.

Tuimsky failure - a man-made failure at the site of an underground mine closed in 1954 near the village of Tuim (Khakassia). Initially, tungsten ores were mined (Kiyalykh-Uzenskoye deposit), later copper-molybdenum ores were discovered. The deposit was mined underground. As a result of blasting, the roof of the mine sagged and later collapsed, forming a man-made depression. The ore was transported outside by trolleys and then sent to an enrichment plant located on the outskirts of the village of Tuim. They produced tungsten, copper, molybdenum.

These tunnels

A selection of facts on other sinkholes, which may not be karst (from the washing of limestone rocks with water), but from underground mining (in the past, and maybe even now, secretly from people by some underground civilizations):

February 21, 2016. A small dip in a field north of Quanah, Texas, USA.

March 24, 2016, China. A sinkhole with a diameter of 5 meters at a private fish farm in Guiping urban district in southern China has absorbed more than 25 tons of fish. The water level in the pond began to drop rapidly at night from 4.00 to 09.00. Local residents believe that the excavations in the local quarry are to blame; several sinkholes have appeared earlier.

On August 2, 2016, Ipswich, Australia, an 8-meter sinkhole filled with water formed in the courtyard of a house.

Location unknown

September 17, 2016, Tampa, USA. Sudden failure of the ground on the territory of the plant.

2016, karst sinkhole in the Kungur region of the Perm region. A small upper hole, only 5 meters in diameter, then expands pear-shaped and goes 17 meters deep (the height of a 6-storey building). The maximum width of the hole is 40 meters.

1974 In Venezuela, a previously unknown sinkhole was discovered on the Sarisarinama plateau. At first, the "hole" was noticed from the plane … If earlier the planet was dug, and in various ways (including by the technology of underground caving of ores), then hundreds and thousands of years underground collapses of varying degrees of massiveness will occur, forming tremors that people will mistaken for earthquakes. And earthquakes exist in non-seismic regions, such as the east coast of North America. There are steel vaults, boreholes and cables. Over time, the rust will gobble them up and rush.

on failures

Another possible factor that is present in such underground mining is the boulders in those places, territories where they shouldn't even be.

Kurumniki

Patomsky crater. Until now, there is no unequivocal conclusion of specialists on the account of the formation of this kurumnik

Black Sopka. Krasnoyarsk

Breed - diabase

I was told that there is a department at the Faculty of Geology at Moscow State University that studies kurumniki. But there is no information in open and public sources either about her or about the results of her work.

One of the strangest places with hills made of kurumnik: Eluyu Circassians

Death Valley is a mythical anomalous zone located on the territory of Yakutia near the Vilyui River.

These may not be destroyed mountains, but local dumps from underground ore mining. And it looks so fantastic for our geologists that they probably drive this idea further away from themselves. And this is the most obvious version.

Read more - the mystery of the Vilyui hills

As you can see, the topic is thought-provoking and raises the topic of underground inhabitants (past or present), who developed the earth's interior (or are still doing it). And there is even a mention of a meeting with such underground inhabitants. Here is one of examples (I checked that such a coal mine exists near the city of Jixi).