Who are the Ukrainians?

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

There are people who attach importance to the fact that the Great Russian calls the Little Russian “Khokhl”, and the Little Russian the Great Russian “Katsap” or “Moskal”, and similar trifles. I will go further and admit that there is undoubtedly an antagonism between North and South in Russia. This is a common fact. It exists in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the American Republic. But this fact is not the same as national antagonism, and not about it, therefore, we are talking now.

Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko died in St. Petersburg on February 26, 1861. A week earlier, Emperor Alexander II signed the Manifesto "On the All-Merciful Granting to Serfs of the Rights of the State of Free Rural Dwellers" and the Regulation on Peasants Emerging from Serfdom. The documents were released on March 5, and he was unable to witness the reversal of the order he so hated.

In a very short life - only 47 years, he managed to become not only a great poet and artist, but also a great pioneer.

The first of the subjects of the Russian Empire, he was freed from slavery only thanks to his talent.

The first son of serfs, he burst into Russian literature, even at a time when writing was the lot of the nobility.

He was the first Russian writer to create the brightest artistic image of the regime of his day, becoming an aesthetic exponent of all the injustices and abuses of serfdom.

He was the first to openly declare the Caucasian War a criminal one.

He was the first to prove that his people have the right to a literary language, and, therefore, to self-determination.

The first, having not received a systematic education, became an academician.

And after a century and a half he was not covered with library dust, but remained a living person, whom they blindly love and hate fiercely, with whom they argue, argue, argue both in reality, and even in a dream …

"Khokhly" T. G. Shevchenko 1851

There is a lot of controversy around this poem. Some completely deny the authorship of the great poet, others, on the contrary, sensing the opportunity to exalt themselves above the crest, in a fit of "VELIKORUSSKY" narcissism, foaming at the mouth, prove that these lines belong to the author. There are still others, and their name is "legion." Like in the famous story:

- I am a pig, Pelageya Katerinchuk, I haven’t read a shit about Professor Zhivago’s novel, but I angrily oppose … and so on.

I suggest the reader not to be like any one, or the other, or the third, but to sort out this issue himself, and at the same time to find out: "Who are the Ukrainians?", the words: “Oh, these Ukrainians for me! After all, rams are liberal in the name of dumplings and dumplings with lard!"

Apparently Shevchenko makes a difference between Ukrainians and Little Russians, as Ukrainians were officially called then.

By the way, the same tendency can be seen among other greats of that time. For Gogol, the Little Russian is associated with Ukraine, but the crest lives in Ukraine, but he is not a Little Russian, but a crest.

And here are the proverbs:

A crest is dumber than a crow, and a devil is more cunning. The Little Russian will not lie, and he will not tell the truth. And on the water a crest, and on the chaff a crest! The Khokhlatsky flail beats on all sides (the Ukrainians thresh through the hand).

And there is also nechesa, kosmach, daub, hohlik. These words are synonymous with khokhlu. And they mean the devil!

In Moscow, on the Boulevard Ring between Pokrovsky Boulevard and Pokrovskie Vorota Square, there is Khokhlovskaya Square, near Khokhlovsky Lane, on which the Life-Giving Trinity Church "in Khokhlakh" is located. It was named after the inhabitants who have inhabited this area since the 18th century. Interestingly, most of them were service people. There is also the Khokhlovka area in the Nizhegorodsky region, with the place names Khokhlovsky brook, Novokhokhlovskaya, Verkhnyaya and Nizhnyaya

Khokhlovskie streets.

In the Voronezh region there is the village of Khokhol, which is the center of the Khokhol district.

And again, human memory, preserved in the names of old Moscow, makes a clear division: clerk Ukraintsev, Maloroskaya street, Ukrainian square. And at the same time there is a police chief Khokhlovtsev? It seems that before the revolution, people knew the difference between Ukrainians and Ukrainians. Moreover, they called some so in insult, and others as a joke. \

So, who are you, crest?

Khokhol (female Khokhlushka) - ethnofolism, sometimes humorous pejorative nickname of Ukrainians. This is how Wikipendia interprets it. Not enough! Well, let's look at dictionaries!

It was first recorded in the dictionary "Trilingual Lexicon" by Polikarpov in 1704. The meaning of "Ukrainian, Little Russian" for the term "crest" is also recorded in Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary.

The Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, published in 1965, claims that the crest is “the name of a Ukrainian, initially derogatory, then humorous, familiar”.

According to the dictionary of Ushakov (1935-1940) - “in the mouths of chauvinists - Great Russians - Ukrainian”, indicating that the word is pre-revolutionary, colloquial, humorous, abusive.

According to the definition of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov, "Khokhly (obsolete and colloquial) - the same as the Ukrainians."

In the 19th century in Siberia, not only Ukrainians, but also Belarusians and Russian immigrants from the southern regions of the European part of Russia could be called crests. Some groups of Ukrainian settlers often used at this time the traditionally considered offensive word "khokhol" as an ethnonym - a self-name indicating a difference from the Great Russians. In particular, ethnographers recorded several legends in the Slobozhanshchina, in the Kharkov province, in the Kupyansk region, about the creation of "Ukrainians" and "Muscovites" by the apostles Peter and Paul.

I invite the reader to remember what happened at the time when the word crest appeared for the first time in Polikarpov's dictionary in 1704. There must be, at least some kind of historical clue ?! And here she is! Pereyaslavskaya glad! Accession of Ukraine to Rus.

That is, in Russia the word crest appears at the time of the annexation of Ukraine? Why weren't they called Ukrainians before? After all, these peoples angered Russia, Mama do not grieve. The Kremlin alone is worth something, but Sahaidachny's campaigns against Russia! And Doroshenko? So, the word came to Russia from the Ukraine? And the Russians just adopted it?

I found the answer to all these questions and recommend reading my miniatures "Who was the commander of Hetman Bogdan?" and "Let's go back to our rams."

Well, in short, it was like this:

- When, after the Union of Lubin, the two vassal states of Russia, Poland and Lithuania, merged together, the Rzeczpospolita was formed. She occupied quite large territories, resting in the south on the state of the freeman Zaporozhye Sich. The ancestors of the Cossacks were the Brodniks, and they have nothing to do with the Ukrainian ethnos, which does not yet exist in those times I describe. Zaporozhye Cossacks have never been Ukrainians, but made them so, the greatest liar from history Dmytro Yavornytsky, who wrote "The history of the Zaporozhye Cossacks and the steppe Ukraine" The biography of this rogue is so interesting that I cannot imagine how it was necessary to adapt so that a person would serve the White Guards, became an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. It was he who translated the letter of the Cossacks to the Turkish Sultan into Ukrainian and called the centurion of the registered Cossacks ataman of the Zaporozhye. Take an interest in him, reader, and you will understand that I am right. A friend of the white general, Shkuro, was from a small-grass gentry and proudly called himself a nobleman.

I will return to it, but for now we will continue about the Cossacks. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky. He was never the Hetman of Zaporozhye, if only because the Zaporozhye Sich was a separate state and never submitted to the Commonwealth. Yes, the centurion Bogdan visited Zaporozhye and even went on campaigns with the Cossacks-Zaporozhians, but he never held a high position in the Sich. The hetman Zinovy-Bogdan commanded the REGISTER COSSACKS, created by the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, just to protect them from the Cossacks and perform police functions in that part of the country where ethnic Little Russians and Lithuanians lived. There is no talk about Western Ukraine at all, such a concept does not exist until 1939, the reunification of Western and Eastern Ukraine by Stalin. The Zvadno-Ukrainian Republic of the ZUNR, created after the revolution of 1917, and Western Ukraine, things are completely different, not only territorially, but also in their ethnic content. Previously, these territories were called Galicia.

In addition to the Cossacks and the registered Cossacks of the Polish king, there was another Cossack army on the territory. It existed until the 18th century and has its own clear name "Cherkasy". These are the descendants of the tribes of the black hoods, akin to the Moldovans. The reason for their disappearance is largely unclear, but it seems to me that they were simply rewritten into the registered Cossacks.

So in Ukraine at that time, there were three estates:

Working people or slaves

Registered Cossacks, which with the annexation of Ukraine to Russia will begin to be called the Zaporozhye Army

Cherkasy - Cossacks bordering the Ottoman Port

On the border of Ukraine stood the Cossacks of the Zaporozhye Sich, which had not the slightest relation to Ukraine or Poland, of which it was part.

Now remember the hairstyles of that time. There were actually four of them, due to the embryonic state of affairs in the sphere of kuaferism at that time. By the way, each segment of the population wore its own hairstyle, and he was not allowed to change it arbitrarily. Remember how the runners who ran in front of the boyar's carriage shouted: "Hats off!" …

It was by the hairstyle of that time that people were determined to belong to one or another layer. The merchant had his hair cut in brackets, the artisan wore long hair with a hoop on his head, the servant had his hair cut under a pot (remember the blacksmith Vakula), the Zaporozhians wore, like their ancestors, the wanderers, a curly lock called a settler, etc.

Look at the portrait of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. What's on his head? Definitely not a settler! On his head is KHOHOL - a head cut in a circle with a tuft of hair from the crown to the forehead. A sort of forelock, similar to a modern mohawk. This is exactly what the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ordered to have a haircut for his registered cossacks. That is what the population called them Ukrainians. Registrants were not liked in Ukraine, because they also performed the functions of the police, took the rent from the peasants, and punished especially zealous ones. Moreover, the registries fought as part of the Polish army. They lived at the place of deployment of their regiments, in hundreds and were Ukrainian masters, for whom the Ukrainian villagers worked. Lord's corvee! This continued until the time when the Polish nobleman took away his wife from the centurion Khmelnitsky. It was then that his confrontation with Poland began, which grew into a popular uprising, which was partially supported by the Zaporozhye Cossacks. The Registered Cossacks, nicknamed by the Ukrainians, were the first Ukrainians to whom this nickname was given in offense. And now read the above poems of the serf peasant Shevchenko, relying on just what you have learned. Well, is it clear about whom Taras wrote, who, as you know, was one of the slaves? Yes, of course, about the descendants of the registered Cossacks, who later became the Little Russian gentry. It is Catherine who will raise them to the rank of Little Russian nobility. All these landowners described by Gogol in Little Russia are the descendants of the registered Cossacks of Hetman Bogdan. Taras writes about his fellow tribesmen who have "got out" into the people.

By the way, the registered Cossacks also differed in attire. The way the Ukrainian registered cossack is portrayed is a late fiction. Most of them depict the Cossacks, but the natural registered Kozak dressed in a uniform very similar to the Polish zhovnezh (soldier). In the miniatures I have written, named in this work, there is a portrait of such a Kozak. Of course, when, during the Khmelnytsky uprising, the Polish crown stopped funding the registered Cossacks, all these dress conventions were put aside. Yes, and not registered Cossacks carried out the uprising. Undoubtedly, they were the backbone of the rebels, but the victories of Hetman Bohdan were given mainly by the forces of the polite golota (poor peasants), which Khmelnitsky called on to his banners, promising the polished will and the general Cossacks "as in the Sich".

And now, who was the nobleman Yavornitsky. Dmitro and was a descendant of the Slobozhansky centurion Mikola Yavor. After Catherine II annexed the Zaporozhye Sich to Russia, dispersed the Zaporozhye Cossacks, and partially resettled them to the Kuban, she also took up the registered Cossacks, whose regiments were stationed throughout Ukraine. These regiments were transferred to the Reitar regiments, and the sergeant major Kozatskaya was put into the nobility. Thus, Ukraine, which did not know the nobility, received its gentry. And from that moment on, she passed through the courtyard records of the Little Russian collegium, which was headed by Count Rumyantsev. For centurions and other ranks, serf serfs, Ukrainians, who previously contained registered Cossacks, were assigned. It was the foreman of the registered Cossacks who would become the first Ukrainian masters, and enslave in serfdom his recent allies - the Polish krul or state villagers of Ukraine, who, under the Poles, only paid rent for the registered army and were the property of the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. All the horrors of Ukrainian serfdom belong to the Ukrainians. Later, Catherine's massive donation of cities and villages of Ukraine with their population to her dignitaries will begin. The very first feudalists of their people were the registered Cossacks of Ukraine, or rather their foreman.

The reader has evidently noticed that speaking about the registered Cossacks, I am writing Cossacks. This is exactly how they are recorded in the Polish Krul's wagon in order to distinguish between them and the Cossacks. This is much later, thanks to such historians as Yavornytskyi, three different peoples will merge into a single river and the rich peasants, who made up the bulk of the population of Ukraine, will declare to the whole world that they are a “Cossack family” (words from the anthem of Ukraine), without understanding themselves who call themselves the Ukrainians, the oppressors of their ancestors.

It is unambiguous that a Ukrainian ethnos has developed in modern Ukraine. Two-thirds of the country's people consider themselves to be Ukrainians, which is great! However, following the path of creating a healthy ethnos, one cannot write history based on fictional events and personalities, because at the most difficult moment in its history, the people rely on their historical roots, looking for answers to important questions for them. So you can get advice from history, but not from mythology !!! Ukrainians have something to be proud of even without invented legends about their antiquity. Probably you need to know the truth about your history, and not rely on the opinions of a person who served "both ours and yours."

Dimka Yavorivsky hid his hohlyatsky roots !!! Oh, I hid it! After all, it is with his submission that the word "KHOHOL" becomes the meaning that we understand to this day. So that many in Ukraine can breathe easy:

UKRAINIANS! YOU ARE NOT CRAZY! EVEN IN THE BEST OF TIMES, THE REGISTER COSSACKS RECEIVED NO MORE THAN 50,000 KOZAKS!

And finally, I will say the following thing. It is even easier to figure out the described names of streets in Moscow than with the Cossacks. It's just that during the time of Emperor Paul, the Nezhinsky Reitarsky regiment arrived in Moscow for permanent deployment, which consisted of Ukrainians, the descendants of the registered Cossacks of the Polish king. This regiment was put on a residence, just in those places of Moscow, about which I spoke.