Gravity: The Devil is in the Details

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

I have already addressed this topic on the Kramol website. I am afraid that in the last article I approached the argumentation of the hypothesis somewhat lightly. This article is an attempt to correct my mistake. It contains ideas that can be applied right now in gravimetric geodesy, seismology and space navigation, and is not an attempt to start another senseless dispute with adherents of an established dogma.

A hypothesis is proposed, from the point of view of which two fundamental properties of mass - gravity and inertia, should be considered as a manifestation of the global mechanism of compensation for changes in space and time. Gravity is considered as a compensation for changes in space - excessive expansion or contraction, that is, as having a potential basis. Inertia - as a kinetic-based compensation for changes in time - that is, excessive expansion or contraction of the time frame of what is happening, in other words, positive or negative accelerations. The equivalence of inert (on a kinetic basis) and gravitational (on a potential basis) masses, thus, directly follows from Newton's second law: m = F / a.

With regard to inertia, this formulation of the question looks quite obvious. Gravity, on the other hand, should strive to restore a balance between positive and negative potential energies, that is, between the forces of attraction and repulsion created by the fields. Thus, if there are repulsive forces between objects, then gravity will tend to bring them closer. If attraction - then on the contrary, to distance.

The problem is that in order to confirm this assumption, it is necessary to isolate a single manifestation of gravity, at the level of the atom, only then this property of gravity will look clearly.

Physicists led by Peter Engels, professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Washington, cooled rubidium atoms to a state of near absolute zero and captured them with lasers, enclosing them in a "bowl" less than a hundred microns in size. Breaking open the "bowl", they allowed the rubidium to escape. The researchers "pushed" these atoms with other lasers, changing their spin, and at the same time the atoms began to behave as if they had a negative mass - to accelerate towards the force acting on them. The researchers believe they are faced with an unexplored manifestation of negative mass. I am inclined to think that they observed examples of single actions of gravity, which sought to compensate for the change in potential energy of individual atoms.

Gravitational attraction is a global phenomenon. Consequently, it must resist the repulsive forces on a potential basis, which are present in all states of aggregation of matter; after all, gases and solids and plasma are attracted. Such forces exist, and they determine the action of the Pauli ban, according to which two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot simultaneously be in the same quantum state.

If the distance between atoms in a molecule increases, then the potential energy of repulsion of external electrons, respectively, should decrease. As a consequence, this should also cause a decrease in the gravitational mass of the molecule. In a solid, the distances between atoms depend on temperature - the reasons for thermal expansion. Professor of the Department of TTOE, St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics A. L. Dmitriev experimentally discovered a decrease in the weight of the sample upon heating ("EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF GRAVITY FORCE" Professor AL Dmitriev, EM Nikushchenko).

By the same logic, the weight of a single crystal, in which the distances between atoms along its various axes are not the same, should differ at different positions relative to the gravity vector. Professor Dmitriev experimentally discovered the mass difference of a sample of a rutile crystal, measured at two mutually perpendicular positions of the optical axis of the crystal relative to the vertical. According to his data, the average value of the difference in the masses of the crystal is equal to - 0, 20 µg with an average RMS of 0, 10 µg (AL Dmitriev "Controlled gravity").

Based on the proposed hypothesis, with a quasi-elastic impact of a falling body on a hard surface, its weight at the moment of impact should increase as a result of the reaction of gravity to the appearance of additional repulsive forces. Professor A. L. Dmitriev compared the coefficients of recovery for horizontal and vertical impacts of a steel test ball with a diameter of 4.7 mm on a massive polished steel plate.

The coefficient of recovery characterizes the magnitude of the acceleration of the ball upon impact under the influence of elastic forces. With a vertical impact, the coefficient of recovery in the experiment turned out to be noticeably lower than with a horizontal one, which is demonstrated by the graph below.

Taking into account that the magnitude of the electromagnetic elastic forces in both experiments is the same, the conclusion remains that with a vertical impact, the ball became heavier.

The paradoxes of gravity are also manifested on a more familiar scale for us. Using this apt expression in the title of the article, I primarily meant gravitational anomalies, because it is in their diversity, and not in the strict laws of celestial mechanics, that the very essence of the nature of gravity is manifested.

There is such a method of exploration geophysics as microgravimetry, based on the measurement of the gravity field performed by very accurate instruments. Detailed methods for analyzing the measurement results have been developed, based on the installation that gravitational deviations are determined by the density of the underlying rocks. And although there are serious problems in the interpretation of the survey results, in order to specifically indicate a contradiction, complete information about the subsoil in the measurement area is required. And so far one can only dream of this. Therefore, it is necessary to select a subject of homogeneous mineral composition, the structure of which is more or less clear.

In this regard, I would like to propose to consider the visualization of the results of gravimetric survey of one of the surviving "wonders of the world" - the Great Pyramid of Cheops. This work was carried out by French researchers in 1986. Wide stripes with approximately 15% less density were found around the pyramid perimeter. Why thin stripes formed along the walls of the pyramid, French scientists could not explain. Considering that this image is, in essence, a projection from above, such a density distribution cannot but be surprising.

Therefore, in a cross-section, this density distribution should look something like this:

The logic in such a structure is difficult to find. Let's go back to the first image. A spiral is guessed in it, which unambiguously indicates the order in which the pyramid was erected - a sequential build-up of the side faces with a clockwise transition. This is not surprising - this construction method is the most optimal. And since by the time the new layer was applied, the previous one had already subsided, then, in turn, the new one, subsiding, “flows down” over the old, like a separate layer. And the whole pyramid, therefore, does not represent a not entirely monolithic structure - each side of it consists of several separate layers.

Suppose, if we adhere to the generally accepted installation, these anomalies could be caused by soil compaction under the pressure of inclined seams. However, it is known that the pyramid stands on a rocky base, which could not have compacted by 15%. Now take a look at what happens if you hold the opinion that the anomalies are the result of internal stresses caused by the pressure of individual side layers on the rocky ground.

This picture looks much more logical.

Without a doubt, the analysis of gravity data is a very difficult task with many unknowns. Ambiguity of interpretation is common here. Nevertheless, a number of trends indicate that the deviations in the gravity value are not caused by differences in the density of the underlying rocks, but by the presence of internal stresses in them.

Internal compressive stresses must accumulate in hard rocks, such as basalt, and indeed, basalt volcanic islands and oceanic island ridges are characterized by significant positive Bouguer anomalies. Low-hardness rocks - sedimentary, ashes, tuffs, etc., usually form minimums. In areas of young uplifts, tensile stresses prevail, and negative anomalies of gravity are observed there. Stretching of the earth's crust takes place in the area of abyssal troughs, and the latter have pronounced belts of negative gravity anomalies.

In the areas of uplift, tensile stresses prevail in the ridge, and compressive stresses prevail at its foot. Accordingly, the Bouguer anomalies have a minimum above the ridge of the uplift and maximums on its sides.

Gravity anomalies on the continental slope in most of the known cases are associated with ruptures and faults in the crust. Negative anomalies of the gravity of ocean ridges with large gradients are also associated with manifestations of tectonic movements.

In the anomalous gravitational field, the boundaries of individual blocks are clearly separated by zones of large gradients and band maxima of the force of gravity. This is much more typical for stress reversal; it is difficult to explain the sharp boundaries between rocks of different densities.

The presence of tensile stresses causes the appearance of ruptures and the formation of internal cavities, therefore, the coincidences of negative anomalies and cavities are quite natural.

In the work "GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS BEFORE STRONG REMOTE EARTHQUAKES" V. E. Khain, E. N. Khalilov, indicate that variations in gravity have been repeatedly recorded before strong earthquakes, the epicenters of which are at a distance of 4-7 thousand kilometers from the recording station. It is characteristic that in most cases, before distant strong earthquakes, there is first a decrease and then an increase in gravity. In the overwhelming majority of cases, “recording vibration” is observed - relatively high-frequency oscillations of the gravimeter readings, with a frequency of 0.1-0.4 Hz, which stops immediately after an earthquake (!). Note that the jump in gravity can be so significant that it is recorded not only by special devices: in Paris, on the night of December 29-30, 1902, at 1:05 am, almost all wall pendulum clocks stopped. I understand that a huge inertia of the methods developed over the years and published scientific works is inevitable, but having abandoned the generally accepted setting of the dependence of gravitational anomalies on the density of rocks, gravimetrists could achieve greater certainty in analyzing the data obtained, and moreover, even somewhat expand the field of their activity. For example, it is possible to remotely monitor the distribution of the load on the ground of the bearing supports of large bridges, similarly to dams, and even organize a new direction in science - gravimetric seismology. An interesting result can also be obtained from the combined method - registration of changes in the force of gravity at the time of the seismic survey. Based on the proposed hypothesis, gravity responds to the resultant of all other forces, therefore, the gravitational forces themselves cannot oppose each other in principle. In other words, of the two oppositely directed gravitational forces, the one that is less in absolute value simply ceases to exist. Examples of this, not understanding the simple essence of the phenomenon, critics of the law of universal gravitation have found quite a few. I have selected only the most obvious ones: - according to calculations, the force of attraction between the Sun and the Moon, at the time of the Moon's passage between the Moon and the Sun, is more than 2 times higher than between the Earth and the Moon. And then the Moon should continue its path in an orbit around the Sun, - the Earth-Moon system revolves not around the center of mass, but around the center of the Earth. - no decrease in the weight of bodies was found when immersed in superdeep mines; on the contrary, the weight increases in proportion to the decrease in the distance to the center of the planet. - its own gravitation is not detected in the satellites of the giant planets: the latter has no effect on the flight speed of the probes. The gravity vector is directed strictly to the center of the Earth and for any body that has nonzero horizontal dimensions, the directions of the attraction vectors from its various points along its length no longer coincide. Based on the proposed property of gravity, the forces of attraction acting on the right and left sides must partially cancel each other out. And, therefore, the weight of any oblong object in a horizontal position should be less than in a vertical one. Such a difference was experimentally discovered by Professor A. L. Dmitriev. Within the limits of measurement errors, the weight of the titanium rod in the vertical position systematically exceeded its horizontal weight - the measurement results are shown in the following diagram:

(A. L. Dmitriev, V. S. Snegov The influence of the orientation of the rod on its mass - Measuring equipment, N 5, 22-24, 1998).

This property explains how gravity, as the weakest known interaction, prevails over any of them. If the density of the repulsive objects is large enough, then the forces acting between them begin to oppose each other, but this does not happen with gravitational forces. And the higher the density of such objects, the more the advantage of gravity is manifested.

Let's look at the following examples.

It is known that charges of the same name are repelled, and, based on the proposed hypothesis, under the influence of gravity, they should, on the contrary, be mutually attracted. With a sufficient density of free low-energy electrons in the air, they really begin to attract until the Pauli ban prevents this. So, high-speed shooting showed that lightning is preceded by the following phenomenon: all free electrons from all over the cloud gather at one point and already in the form of a ball, together, rush to the ground, while clearly ignoring Coulomb's law!

There are convincing experimental data on the presence of attractive forces between like-charged macroparticles in dusty plasma, in which various structures are formed, in particular, dust clusters.

A similar phenomenon has been found in colloidal plasma, which is a natural (biological fluid) or artificially prepared suspension of particulates in a solvent, usually water. Similarly charged macroparticles, also called macroions, are mutually attracted, the charge of which is due to the corresponding electrochemical reactions. It is essential that, in contrast to dusty plasma, colloidal suspensions are thermodynamically equilibrium (Ignatov A. M. Quasi-gravity in dusty plasma. Uspekhi fiz. Nauk. 2001. 171. No. 2: 1.).

Now let's look at examples where gravity acts as a repulsive force.

It must be said that the hypothesis is based almost entirely on the results of many years and large-scale experimental work done by Professor A. L. Dmitriev. In my opinion, in the entire history of science, such a multifaceted and detailed study of the properties of gravity has not yet been carried out. And in particular, Alexander Leonidovich drew attention to one long familiar effect. The electric arc has a characteristic shape - bending upward, which is traditionally explained by the effects of buoyancy, convection, air currents, the influence of external electric and magnetic fields. In the article "Ejection of a Plasma by a Gravitational Field" A. L. Dmitriev and his colleague E. M. Nikushchenko prove by calculations that its shape cannot be a consequence of the indicated reasons.

Photo of a glow discharge at an air pressure of 0.1 atm, a current in the range of 30-70 mA, a voltage across the electrodes of 0.6-1.0 kV, and a current frequency of 50 Hz.

The electric arc is plasma. Plasma magnetic pressure is negative and is based on potential energy. The sum of the values of the magnetic and gas-dynamic pressure is a constant value, they balance each other, and therefore the plasma does not expand in space. In turn, the value of negative potential energy is directly proportional to the distance between charged particles, and in a rarefied plasma, these distances can be large enough to generate, according to the proposed hypothesis, gravitational repulsive forces exceeding the earth's gravity. In turn, negative potential energy can reach its maximum values only in a fully ionized plasma, and this can only be a high-temperature plasma. And the electric arc, it should be noted, is exactly that - it is a rarefied high-temperature plasma.

If this phenomenon - the gravitational repulsion of a rarefied high-temperature plasma - exists, then it should manifest itself on a much larger scale. In this sense, the solar corona is interesting. Despite the enormous force of gravity even on the surface of the Star, the solar atmosphere is unusually vast. Physicists could not find the reasons for this, as well as the temperatures in millions of kelvin in the solar corona.

For comparison, the atmosphere of Jupiter, which in terms of mass did not reach the star a little, has clear boundaries, and the difference between the two types of atmospheres is clearly visible in this image:

Above the solar chromosphere, there is a transitional layer, above which gravity ceases to dominate - this means that certain forces act against the attraction of the Star, and it is they that accelerate the electrons and atoms in the corona to tremendous speeds. Remarkably, charged particles continue to accelerate further, as they move away from the Sun.

The solar wind is a more or less continuous outflow of plasma, so charged particles are ejected not only through coronal holes. Attempts to explain the expulsion of the plasma by the action of magnetic fields are untenable, since the same magnetic fields act below the transition layer. Despite the fact that the corona is a radiant structure, the Sun evaporates plasma from its entire surface - this is clearly visible even in the proposed image, and the solar wind is a further continuation of the corona.

What plasma parameter changes at the level of the transition layer? High-temperature plasma becomes rather rarefied - its density decreases. As a result, gravity begins to push the plasma out and accelerate the particles to tremendous speeds.

A significant part of the red giants consists precisely of a rarefied high-temperature plasma. A team of astronomers led by Keiichi Ohnaka of the Institute of Astronomy of the Catholic del Norte University in Chile, using the VLT observatory, explored the atmosphere of the red giant, Antares. By studying the density and velocity of plasma flows from the behavior of the CO spectrum, astronomers have found that its density is higher than is possible according to existing ideas. Models calculating the intensity of convection do not allow such an amount of gas to rise into the atmosphere of Antares, and, therefore, a powerful and still unknown buoyant force acts in the interior of the star ("Vigorous atmospheric motion in the red supergiant star Antares" K. Ohnaka, G. Weigelt & K.-H. Hofmann, Nature 548, (17 August 2017).

A high-temperature rarefied plasma is also formed on the Earth as a result of atmospheric discharges, and, therefore, atmospheric phenomena should be found, in which the plasma is pushed upward by gravity. Such examples exist, and in this case we are talking about a rather rare atmospheric phenomenon - sprites.

Pay attention to the tops of the sprites in this picture. They have an external property with corona discharges, but they are too large for this, and most importantly, for the formation of the latter, the presence of electrodes at an altitude of tens of kilometers is necessary.

It is also very similar to jets from many rockets flying in parallel downward. And this is no coincidence. There are strong indications that these jets are the result of the gravitational expelling of the plasma generated by the discharge. All of them are oriented strictly vertically - no deviations, which is more than strange for atmospheric discharges. This pushing cannot be attributed to the result of plasma buoyancy in the atmosphere - all jets are too even for this. This very short-lived process is possible due to the fact that the air is ionized during the discharge and heats up very quickly. As the surrounding air cools, the jet dries up quickly.

If there are a lot of sprites at the same time, then at the height of the end of their jets, the energy transmitted to the atmosphere in a very short period of time (about 300 microseconds) excites a shock wave propagating over a distance of 300-400 kilometers; these phenomena are called elves:

It has been found that sprites appear at an altitude of over 55 kilometers. That is, similarly, as above the solar chromosphere, there is a certain boundary in the Earth's atmosphere, from which the gravitational pushing out of the rarefied high-temperature plasma begins to actively manifest itself.

Let me remind you that according to the above, gravitational forces can be both attractive and repulsive - examples of this have been given. It is quite natural to conclude that gravitational forces of different signs cannot oppose each other - either an attractive gravitational field or a repulsive one can act at a given spatial point. Therefore, approaching the Sun, one can burn up, but one cannot fall on a Star: the solar corona is an area of gravitational repulsion. In the history of astronomical observations, the fact of the fall of a cosmic body on the Sun has never been recorded. Of all types of stars, the ability to absorb matter from the outside was found only in extremely dense white dwarfs, in which there is no room for rarefied plasma. It is this process that, when approaching the donor star, leads to a type Ia supernova explosion.

If gravity does not obey the principle of superposition, then this opens up a rather tempting prospect - the fundamental possibility of creating an unsupported propulsive device according to the scheme proposed below.

If it is possible to create an installation in which two areas will directly adjoin, in one of which very large forces of mutual repulsion act, and in the other, on the contrary, very large forces of mutual attraction, then the reaction of gravity as a whole should acquire asymmetry and direction from areas of intense compression to areas of intense expansion.

It is possible that this is not such a distant prospect, I wrote about this in a previous article on this site "We can fly this way today."