Ilya Turokh. Stages of Ukrainization. Part 2

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Ilya Turokh. Stages of Ukrainization. Part 1

Article " Ukrainization of Galicia " was written by I. I. Terekh soon after the annexation of Galicia and other Western Russian lands under Polish occupation to the Soviet Union. That is why the author of the article could retain a drop of hope (end of the article) that the Soviets would take into account the history of Galician Rus and would not forcibly continue the dastardly work of Ukrainization.

However, with the advent of communism, the anti-Russian policy in Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathian Rus, which were annexed to the USSR immediately after the Second World War, was continued.

Ukrainization of Galicia

The whole tragedy of Galician Ukrainians is that they want to annex Great Ukraine, 35 million, to small Western Ukraine, (as they began to call Galicia after the First World War) - 4 million, i.e., figuratively speaking, they want to sew on a casing to the tail (button), and not the tail to the casing

And these four million Galicians must be divided in two. More or less half of them, i.e. those whom the Poles and Germans did not manage to convert to Ukrainian, consider themselves from ancient times to be Russians, not Ukrainians, and they treat this term, as someone else's and forcibly imposed, with disgust. They have always sought to unite not with Ukraine, but with Russia, as with Russia, with which they lived the same state and cultural life until captivity. Of the other two million Galicians, who call themselves a term forcibly introduced by the Germans, Poles and the Vatican, it is necessary to subtract a decent million irresponsible and unconscious Ukrainians, not fanatics, who, if told so, will call themselves Russians or Rusyns again. Only about half a million inveterate Galicians remain, who seek to instill their Ukrainians (that is, hatred for Russia and everything Russian) in 35 million Russian people in South Russia and, with the help of this hatred, create a new people, a literary language and a state.

It would be appropriate here to briefly outline the history of Ukrainization by the Poles and then by the Germans of Galicia (Chervonnaya) Rus, which the Ukrainians are silent about, but the world hardly knows about it.

After the partition of old Poland in 1772. and the annexation of Galicia to Austria and after the failed Polish uprisings in Russia in 1830 and 1863. and Austria (in 1848) with the aim of restoring the Polish state, the Polish gentry of Galicia, which consisted of the owners of large latifundia, declared its allegiance to Franz Joseph (the notorious: Przhi tobe we are worth and a stats of chtsy!) and as a reward received full power over all of Galicia, Russian Part of it (Having received that part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the first partition of Poland, which was later known as Galicia, the Austrian government created a separate province from it called the Kingdom of Galicia and Vladimir (Koenigreih Galizien und Lodomerien). Two-thirds of this territory was inhabited by the indigenous Russian population).

Having received such power, the Poles and their Jesuit clergy continued, as in old Poland, to polonize and catholicize the indigenous Russian population of the region. According to their suggestion, the Austrian authorities have repeatedly tried to destroy the word Russian, which from time immemorial the population of Galicia has called itself, coming up with various other names for it.

In this respect, the governor of Galicia, Count Golukhovsky, a famous Russian-eater, became especially famous. In the 60s of the last century, the Poles tried to destroy the Cyrillic alphabet and introduce the Latin alphabet instead of it for the Russian population. But violent protests and almost an uprising of the Russian population frightened the central Viennese government, and the Polish political machers were forced to abandon their plan to separate the Russian Galician people from the rest of the Russian world.

The spirit of national separatism and hatred of Russia was constantly supported by the Poles among the Russian population of Galicia, especially among its intelligentsia, caressing and endowing warm townships with those of them who agreed to hate Muscovites, and persecuting those who fought for Russia and Orthodoxy (who made a noise at 80 years, trial against Olga Grabar and priest I. Naumovich)

(After the attempt on the life of A. Dobriansky in Uzhgorod, organized by the Magyars, he moved with his daughter Olga Grabar to Lvov, where his other daughter, Alexia Gerovskaya, then lived. Russian Galicians began to come to Lvov, especially the Uniate priests, from whom many subsequently corresponded with him. Olga Grabar played the role of secretary for her father, and most of the letters were written by her hand. There were no typewriters at that time. When one of the priests, Fr. Pope, then the Austrian government declared it treason. Dobriansky, his daughter Olga Grabar and Fr. distant Tyrol (city of Innsbruck)).

In the 70s, the Poles began to instill a sense of national separatism in the Galician-Russian rural population - the peasantry, establishing for them in Lviv with the help of the aforementioned so-called. intelligentsia, the society of Enlightenment, which began to publish popular little books of viciously separatist-Russophobic content.

To oppose the work of the Poles, the Galicians, in opposition to Enlightenment, created the Mikhail Kachkovsky Society. Thus, a split began in the 70s.

In 1890, two Galician-Russian deputies of the Galician Diet - Y. Romanchuk and A. Vakhnyanin - announced from the Diet rostrum, on behalf of the population of Galicia they represented, that the people inhabiting it were not Russian, but special, Ukrainian. Poles and Germans have repeatedly tried to find among the Russian deputies people who would proclaim the Galicians as a special people, separate from the Russian, but did not find anyone who would dare to commit such obvious nonsense, to treason ardently in Galicia, beloved Rus. Romanchuk and Vakhnyanin were teachers of a Russian (with one s) gymnasium in Lvov. In their youth, they were ardent Russian patriots. Vakhnyanin, being a composer, wrote fiery music to patriotic Russian battle songs (Hurray! To the battle, eagles, for our holy Russia!).

Until the end of the 19th Art. the terms Ukrainian, Ukrainian were used only by a handful of Ukrainian Galician-Russian intellectuals. The people had no idea about them, knowing only the thousand-year-old names - Rus, Russian, Rusyn, they called their land Russian and their language Russian. Officially, the word Russian was written with one s, in order to distinguish it from the correct outline with two s, used in Russia. Until that time, there was no new spelling (without letters - yat, s, b) in the Galician-Russian dialect. All magazines, newspapers and books, even those of Ukrainians, were printed in Russian (Galician dialect), with the old spelling. In a number of departments of Lviv University, teaching was conducted in Russian, the gymnasiums were called Russian, they taught Russian history and Russian language, read Russian literature.

Since 1890, after the declaration of Romanchuk and Vakhnyanin, all this has disappeared, as if by magic. New spellings are being introduced in schools, courts and all departments. Publications of Ukrainians are switching to a new spelling, old Russian school textbooks are withdrawn, and books with a new spelling are introduced in their place. In the textbook of literature, the first place is placed in the distorted translation into the Galician-Russian dialect of the monograph by M. Kostomarova: Two Russian nationalities, where the words Little Russia, Southern Russia are replaced by the term Ukraine and where it is emphasized that the Muscovites stole the name Rus from the Little Russians, that since then they have remained without a name, as it were, and they had to look for another name. Literature about the oppression of Ukrainians by Muscovites is spreading throughout Galicia. The orgy of inculcating Ukrainians and hatred of Russia is being played out with might and main.

Russia, strictly keeping the principles of non-interference in the affairs of other states, did not react with a word in Vienna to the Polish-German tricks openly directed against the Russian people. Galicia became the Piemonte of the Ukrainians. Mikhail Hrushevsky from Kiev is invited to head this Piemont. For him, the Lviv University established a department of Ukrainian history and instructed him to compile the history of Ukraine and the never-existing and non-existent Ukrainian people. As a reward and gratitude for this Cain cause, Hrushevsky receives a villa-house from the people and is called the father and hetman. On the part of the Ukrainians, slander and denunciations of Russian Galicians begin to pour in, for which the informers receive warm places from the government and are generously supplied with Austrian crowns and German marks. Those who remain Russian and do not convert to Ukrainian are accused of receiving tsarist rubles. Detectives are assigned to all advanced Russian people, but they never manage to intercept these rubles for material evidence.

The population of Galicia protests against the new name and new spelling at meetings and in print. Notes are sent and delegations with protests to the regional and central governments, but nothing helps: the people, they say, through the lips of their representatives in the Diet, demanded this.

The planting of Ukrainians in the villages is going on slowly, and it is almost not accepted. The people hold fast to their millennial name. Only Ukrainophile teachers are sent to Russian villages, and teachers with Russian convictions are left without places.

It should be noted the following: when the Poles saw that the Germans seized on their Ukrainian invention and implanted it for their own purposes, they went against this term and did not officially allow it either in schools or in departments, and they kept this even in the new Poland, using the name Russian or Ruthenian.

The Russian Uniate clergy (priests with a university education) were extremely loved and respected by the people, since they always led the struggle for Russia and the Russian faith, and for the improvement of their financial situation, was their leader, assistant, teacher and comforter in all sorrows and sufferings in heavy captivity.

The Vatican and the Poles decide to destroy this clergy. For this purpose, they lead the Russian Uniate Church by a Pole - Count Sheptytsky, having elevated him to the rank of Metropolitan. Dreaming of becoming the Uniate patriarch of Great Ukraine from the Caucasus to the Carpathians after the defeat of Russia and the transfer of all Russian people of South Russia to the union, Sheptytsky was negligent about the mission for which he was outlined by the Poles, whose plans did not at all include the creation of Ukraine under the Habsburgs or Hohenzolerens, but exclusively polonization of the Russian population for the future of Poland. He devoted himself with all the ardor of youth (he was only 35 years old when he was made Metropolitan) to the service of Austria, Germany and the Vatican in order to implement the plan to defeat Russia and the dream of a patriarchate.

Vain and ambitious, Sheptytsky served them, it must be admitted, with all his soul. Despite his high rank, he, disguised as a civilian with a forged passport, made his way to Russia more than once, where, together with Ukrainian landowners and intellectuals, he was preparing the invasion of Austria-Hungary and Germany into Ukraine, about which he personally reported to Franz Joseph, as his secret adviser on Ukrainian affairs, and secretly from him reported this to the German authorities, as it was discovered in 1915.during a search by Russian intelligence of his chamber in Lvov, where, among other compromising documents, a copy of his note to Wilhelm II about the progress of the Ukrainian movement in Russia was found. Dreamy and greedy for titles and power, the count, trying to add the title of cardinal to the future title of patriarch, often traveled to Rome, where he delighted the ear of the Vatican with his tales of the near defeat of schismatic Russia and of joining St. The throne under the scepter of His Apostolic Majesty the Emperor Franz Joseph 35 million Ukrainian sheep. But the Polish magnates and Polish Jesuits, who had influence in the Vatican, taking revenge on Sheptytsky for disobedience, did not allow him to be promoted to cardinals.

After the creation of a new Poland and the annexation of Galicia to it, Sheptytsky, hoping for Hitler, did not stop dreaming of a patriarchate and stood up, as before, for the defeat of Russia. But at the behest of a punishing fate, all his ideas, ideals, dreams and dreams suffered a complete and terrible collapse.

With the appearance of the Red Army in eastern Galicia, he, overwhelmed by paralysis, the 75-year-old man lost all titles at once, both present and future, and suffers great passions already in this world as punishment for his grave sins against Russia. In Russian history, his name will stand next to the names of Potsy, Terletsky, Kuntsevich and Mazepa.

Returning to the planting of Ukrainians in Galicia, it should be noted that with the appointment of Sheptytsky as the head of the Uniate Church, admission to theological seminaries of young men of Russian convictions ceases. From these seminaries come out as priests inveterate fanatical politicians, whom the people call priests.

From the church pulpit, doing their Cain work, they inspire the people with a new Ukrainian idea, try in every possible way to win supporters for it, and sow enmity in the countryside. The people oppose, ask the bishops to remove them, boycott the services, but the bishops are silent, they do not accept deputations, and they do not answer petitions. The teacher and the priest little by little do their job: some of the young people go over to their side, and open enmity breaks out in the village and comes to fights, sometimes bloody.

In the same families, some children remain Russian, others consider themselves Ukrainians. Troubles and enmity penetrate not only the village, but also individual houses. The priests are gradually taking possession of the unconscious inhabitants of the village. Enmity and struggle between neighboring villages begins: one another breaks up popular meetings and celebrations, destroys national property (people's houses, monuments - among them a monument to Pushkin in the village of Zabolotovtsi). Mass bloody battles and killings are becoming more frequent. The ecclesiastical and secular authorities are on the side of the militant priests. Russian villages find no help anywhere. To get rid of priests, many of the Uniatism return to Orthodoxy and call on Orthodox priests. Austrian laws provided complete freedom of religion, a change in it should only be announced to the administrative authorities. But Orthodox divine services are dispersed by gendarmes, Orthodox priests are arrested and charged with high treason. Slander about tsarist rubles does not leave the columns of the Ukrainianophile press. Russian Galicians are accused of being retrograde, etc., while the slanderers of the Ukrainophiles, using generous state aid, were distinguished by animal nationalism and were preparing to put on the throne of Ukraine after the war for deception in France - the notorious Habsburg Vasyl Vyshyvaniy.

Russia is silent further: Say, it is not her business to interfere in the internal affairs of another state. Galician-Russian intellectuals, in order to keep the front in this unequal struggle, in order to support their press and their societies, persecuted by confiscations, impose a tax of one hundred crowns or more monthly and collect funds from the peasantry with the help of the so-called avalanche-tax.

The Galician-Russian student youth reacted most decisively against the Ukrainian propaganda. She opposed the Ukrainian New Era with an open movement - the New Deal. Galician-Russian people and politicians, fearing the intensification of terror, were all the time a conservative, cautious and conciliatory policy with the Poles and with the Austrian authorities. So as not to tease either one or the other, they adhered to the spelling of the official term Russian (with one s) and tried in every possible way to disguise their real Russian feelings, telling young people: be Russian in your hearts, but do not tell anyone about this, otherwise they will erase us face of the earth. Russia has never stood up for Galicia and will never stand up. If we openly shout about the national unity of the Russian people, Russia in Galicia will perish forever.

Although the entire intelligentsia knew the Russian literary language, subscribing books, magazines and newspapers from Russia, but for the above reason did not use it in conversation. Her spoken language was the local dialect. For the same reason, books and newspapers were published by her in a strange language - paganism, as he was mockingly called, i.e. in the Galician-Russian dialect with an admixture of Russian literary and Church Slavonic words, so as to please Russia and not tease the authorities with the pure literary language. In a word, they set a candle to both God and the devil a candle. Young people, especially the university ones, more than once protested against these hare Russian feelings of their fathers and tried to speak openly about the national and cultural unity of all Russian tribes, but the fathers always somehow managed to suppress these outward aspirations of their children. Young people used to study the Russian literary language in their student societies without fear, openly and secretly organized lessons of this language for gymnasium students in bursa (dormitories) and published their newspapers and magazine in pure literary language.

After the New Era, in response to the Ukrainization of the countryside, students began to teach the literary language to the peasants. At rural celebrations, boys and girls recited poems not only of their Galician poets, but also of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Maykov, etc. Monuments to Pushkin were erected in the villages. Member of the State Duma, Count V. A. Bobrinsky, returning from the Slavic Congress in Prague through Galicia with the Galician delegates of this congress, at which he met them, and being present at one of such peasant celebrations in the village, burst into tears, saying: I did not know that there is a real Holy Russia outside of Russia living in indescribable oppression, right there, at the side of her sister Great Russia. I am Columbus, I discovered America.

But when, with the New Era, the orgy of the planting of Ukrainians by the Germans, Poles and the Vatican raged in full force, the Russian Galician youth could not stand it and rebelled against the disguised policy of their elders: Children went against their fathers. This revolt is known in the history of Galician Rus under the name of the New Course, and its instigators and supporters are known as new students. The New Course was a consequence of the Ukrainian New Era and was a destructive ram for it. Students rushed to the people: they called vecheons and openly began to proclaim national and cultural unity with Russia. The Russian peasantry immediately took their side, and after a while two-thirds of the Galician-Russian intelligentsia and fathers joined them.

The blue-yellow Galician-Russian flag used until then was replaced by the previously worn tricolor white-blue-red flag worn under the hollow, and the main subject of all popular gatherings and celebrations in cities and villages was national and cultural unity with Russia. Also, a daily newspaper (Carpathian Rus) in the literary language and a popular weekly (Voice of the People) for the peasantry in the Galician-Russian dialect against the published paternal ones - a daily newspaper in the language of Galicia and a weekly for the people (Russian Word) were also established to preach new-year ideas; the latter soon withered and ceased to exist. Within a year, the New Course swallowed up almost the entire Galician-Russian intelligentsia and peasantry and reigned everywhere. The literary language was now used not only in the press, but also openly became the spoken language of the Galician-Russian intelligentsia.

Returned to Russia, gr. V. A. Bobrinsky made a fuss about the state of affairs in Galicia. He had no success with the Russian authorities, and the liberal and leftist press did not support him either, just because he was right in the Duma, and, as if by order, unanimously reacted to the matter with hostility, considering the Russian Galicians to be nationalists, retrogrades, and the Ukrainophiles as liberals. progressives (!).

Finding no support anywhere, Count Bobrinsky organized with the help of the Russian people versed in Galician affairs in St. Petersburg and Kiev Galicia-Russian societies, which began to raise funds to help the Carpathian Rus. These were the first (and not tsarist) rubles that Galicia began to receive from her brothers in Russia. But these funds were scarce, and they all went to help with the maintenance of the gymnasium hostel (burs), in which talented boys of poor peasants were accepted for full support.

The New Deal took the Austrian authorities by surprise. According to the Austrian constitution, they could not directly and openly oppose him, and even this could not be done due to the multitude of state traitors. Earlier, when such crimes were discovered in several persons, they were tried and imprisoned. Now everything happened suddenly, and it was necessary to deal with hundreds of thousands of traitors, whose treason was impossible to prove.

But the authorities did not doze and waited for a chance to catch on and prepared a whole series of espionage trials, of which the first began in 1913 on the eve of World War II. In the meantime, they pursued the manifestation of the Russian spirit with pre-planned measures. To help the priest and teachers of the Ukrainianophiles, the authorities decide to hit the peasant's pocket. They abundantly supply the cooperatives of the Ukrainophiles with money, which, through the Raiffeisen treasuries, are lent from villages only to their adherents. Peasants who do not want to call themselves Ukrainians do not receive loans. In despair, the leaders of the Russian Galicians rush to the Czechs for help, and at the request of Kramarzhk and Klofach (Masaryk was an enemy of the Russians in general and in parliament he always supported Ukrainophiles) they receive loans from Zhivnostensky Bank for their cooperatives (The largest Czech bank is the Central Bank of Czech Savings Banks - gave multimillion-dollar loans only to Ukrainian cooperatives).

Elections to the Sejm and Parliament are accompanied by terror, violence and the murder of Russian peasants by gendarmes. Ukrainophiles enjoy the moral and financial support of the authorities in elections. When the votes are counted, the name of the Galician-Russian deputy elected by the vast majority is simply crossed out and the Ukrainianophile candidate who received less than half of the votes is declared elected. The struggle of the Russians against the Ukrainophiles is intensifying from year to year and continues under terrible terror until the World War - the war of the German world with the Slavs, for which Germany and Austria-Hungary had been preparing for decades, in connection with which they instilled Ukrainian separatism and hatred of Russia among the primordial Russian population in Galicia. Russia woke up and opened its eyes to what was happening in Chervonnaya Rus only on the eve of the war, when the monstrous process of high treason and espionage against two Galician-Russian intellectuals (Bendasyuk and Koldra) and two Orthodox priests (Sandovich and Gudima) began in Lvov, which had a sensation throughout Europe. Five deputies of the State Duma of all shades unexpectedly appeared at this trial (among them a real Ukrainian - Deputy Makogon) and they, entering the hall publicly, during the court session, bowed to the ground to those sitting on the docks, with the words: We kiss your chains! The defendants were acquitted by the jury, despite the fact that the presiding judge in his parting speech to the assessors, apparently on instructions from above, did not hide the hope that a guilty verdict would be pronounced.

At the very beginning of this war, the Austrian authorities will arrest almost the entire Russian intelligentsia of Galicia and thousands of advanced peasants according to the lists prepared in advance and transferred to the administrative and military authorities by the Ukrainianophiles (village teachers and priest) with the blessing of the zealous Metropolitan Count Sheptytsky and his bishops. The arrested are taken from prison to prison in groups and on the way on the streets of the cities they are beaten by the incited crowds of scum and soldiers. In Przemysl, brutalized soldiers hacked a large party of Russian people on the street.

For the arrested and beaten Russian priests, Catholic bishops voluntarily intercede: Polish and Armenian, and the Uniate bishops headed by Sheptytsky, despite the requests of their wives and children, refuse to protect their Russian Galician priests. This was to be expected: they betrayed them to be killed.

Those arrested are taken deep into Austria to concentration camps, where the unfortunate martyrs die by the thousands from hunger and typhus. The most advanced figures, after the process of high treason in Vienna, are sentenced to death and only the intercession of the Spanish king Alfonso saves them from the gallows. In retaliation for their failures on the Russian front, fleeing Austrian troops kill and hang thousands of Russian Galician peasants in the villages. Austrian soldiers wear ready-made loops in their knapsacks and wherever they can: in trees, in huts, in sheds, they hang all the peasants whom the Ukrainophiles denounce because they consider themselves Russians.

Galician Rus turned into a gigantic terrible Golgotha, overgrown with thousands of gallows, on which the Russian people died martyrically only because they did not want to change their millennial name.

These atrocities and torments, with illustrations, documents and accurate descriptions, are immortalized by the Talerhof Committee founded after the war in Lvov, which published them in several volumes.

This is a brief history of the intrigues of the Vatican, Poles and Germans in planting Ukrainians in the Carpathians among the ancient Russian population of Chervona Rus.

The Ukrainian movement in Galicia under the leadership of Germany continued after the First World War. At this time, a new term appeared for it - Western (Zakhidnya) Ukraine, in which a secret military organization (UVO) was organized, which later turned into an organization of Ukrainian nationalists (OUN).

The struggle in the cities and villages between the Russians and the self-styled, despite the terrible oppression of one and the other by Poland, continued, as before, but without a cry for rubles. Returning from the Austrian concentration camps, Russian intellectuals and peasants fearlessly defended their Russian name and Russia.

Will the Soviets respect the history of Galicia and, remembering that its name is not Ukraine, but Russia, will they not interfere, as the Poles, the Germans and the Vatican did, the passion-bearer Russian population that remained in it to live their Russian life, or will they continue to encourage the artificially created separatism, they will approve for it an unnatural, unhistorical and forged new name and finish off the Russian Galicians for the greater joy of the separators of the Russian people and all Slavs - the near future will show.

Free speech of Carpathian Rus, 1960, September-October. 9/10

Ilya Turokh. Stages of Ukrainization. Part 1