Video: Veliky Novgorod, Vitoslavlitsy, open-air museum of wooden architecture
2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55
1) I will begin my story about my visit to Veliky Novgorod with a story about a museum of wooden architecture in the open air called "Vitoslavlitsy", named after the former village of the same name nearby. The complex itself is located 5 km from the city. Getting there was another adventure for me: a 20-degree frost and walk along a busy highway. As soon as I walked, "Vitoslavlitsy" appeared before me as a kind of snow-covered universe of James Cameron's film "Avatar", for I saw another world in wooden chapels and huts, analogs whom I have never met live. To see this, unless you go to Karelia or the Arkhangelsk region, and here is almost the very Central Russia.
2) "Vitoslavlitsy" became a natural resort for Novgorodians. Across the street from the museum, wooden cottages are rented and ski trails are laid. Therefore, on New Year's holidays there was a natural pandemonium, in spite of the frost. Wooden huts of the 17th century even harmonize with the winter cold. I liked right away that the museum is not fenced off with a typical solid metal fence, the fences are all wooden, somewhat similar to a wooden prison.
3) The founder of the museum is Leonid Yegorovich Krasnorechiev (1932-2013), an architect-restorer, author of the master plan of the Vitoslavlitsy museum, restoration projects for most of the monuments transported to the museum. Twice laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of art and architecture.
L. E. Krasnorechiev carried out numerous studies of the architecture of the Novgorod region in order to identify the monuments of wooden architecture. One of the initiators of the transfer of wooden buildings to the territory of the Vitoslavlitsy Museum, created in 1964.
4) Two known cases of salvation and the transfer of monuments to a new place come to mind: the island of Philae (the last sanctuary of religious worship of Pharaonic Egypt until the 6th century in the era of the already Christian Byzantine Empire) and Abu Simbel (a temple in honor of Pharaoh Ramses II and his wife Nefertari) in Egypt, rescued during the construction with the assistance of the USSR of the high-rise Aswan Dam almost on the Egyptian-Sudanese border in the 1960s-1970s.
On the right is Tunitskiy's hut from the Old Believer village of Pyrishchi, which was heated in black (70-90s of the XIX century).
5) The open-air museum of wooden architecture "Vitoslavlitsy" contains rare architectural monuments of the 16th-20th centuries, residential and outbuildings of different periods - a total of almost three dozen. Various churches, chapels, huts, mills, smithies, barns, etc. presented in the form in which they existed at the time. The buildings were transported from different parts of the Novgorod region, restored and, thus, avoided destruction and complete disappearance. The creators of the museum were guided, first of all, not by the date of construction and their age, but by the content of Russian folk traditions in them.
6) Chapel from the village of Gar, Malovishersky district, built in 1698, belonging to the Klet temples. The Klet temple is one or more rectangular log cabins covered with gable roofs. Headless churches existed in Russia until the 17th century. The architecture of these types of temples had much in common with residential buildings.
In this unnamed chapel, only the cross symbolizes its cult affiliation. The chapel is a log house with a gable roof. The rest are galleries installed on log outlets and surrounding buildings on three sides. Two small windows give off a simple interior.
Moved to Vitoslavlitsy in 1972.
7) Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker from the village of Vysoky, Okulovsky district, construction years - 2 half of the 18th century, related to tiered churches.
Church reform of Patriarch Nikon in the 17th centuryforbade the erection of hipped roof churches, which is why a new type of religious structure arose - churches by ship, tiered, where the reflection of the upward aspiration also manifested itself, although not with such force and dynamics as in the hipped roof.
Tiered temples began to be erected from the end of the 17th century, their tiering was expressed in the installation of octahedral log cabins (usually three) one above the other, decreasing in height and especially in width as they moved upward to the dome with a cross. The same technique was used in the cutting of the bell tower, which was crowned with a tent.
8) Another church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker from the village of Myakishevo, Khvoininsky district, built in 1642. In 1972, the temple was dismantled and in 1976 restored and transported to Vitoslavlitsy.
A rare composition of windows has survived in the temple - a combination of a "red" window with two windows located somewhat lower. A similar combination of windows was used in ancient Russian construction during the construction of temples, mansions, huts, palaces.
By architecture, the church is both a tiered and klet building.
9) The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker from the village of Tuholya, Krestitsky district, built in 1688, belonging to the Klet type of temples. Moved to its current location in 1966. The main rectangular frame (cage) is adjoined by the rectangular frame of the altar and the refectory.
10) Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God from the village of Peredki, Borovichesky District, 1530-1540s. the buildings.
11) Hip-roof temples, which ended with a hipped roof instead of a dome, appeared at the beginning of the 16th century. The typology of church architecture was passed down from Byzantium, but it was not easy to convey the shape of the dome in wood. Apparently, technical difficulties caused the need to replace domes with tents in wooden churches.
12) Church of the Assumption of the Virgin from the village of Kuritsko, Novgorod region on the shore of Lake Ilmen. Built in 1595, it belongs to the hipped roof style.
13) Chapel of Kirik and Iulita (left) from the village of Kashira, Malovishersky district (1745) and Shkiparev's hut (presumably the 1880s). According to the former owner of the hut, who received the house from his father, and he, in turn, from his grandfather, the hut was built by order of the landowner, whose grandfather served as a groom and did his job well. The name of the landowner is unknown (no research has been carried out in the archives).
The Shkiparevs' hut fits well with the type of residential buildings in the Mstinskaya zone.
14) Izba Maria Dmitrievna Ekimova from the village of Ryshevo, Novgorod region (1882)
15) House of the Dobrovlsky from the village of Votros, Pestovsky district, 1880. It is a type of "hut-two", which includes winter and summer huts. between them - the front "entrance".
16)
17) On the right, in the foreground, Tsareva's hut (1st half of the 19th century) with a "prikrolkom" gallery, a balcony, a two-tier utility yard, was heated in black.
18) A distinctive feature of the northern Russian hut is that the entire peasant economy was concentrated in it under one roof. The room under the floor of the dwelling was called the underground, which was used to store supplies of potatoes and other vegetables.
The other half of the hut consisted of two or three floors. The lower floor had a gate for pasture.
The upper floor was divided into an upper room and a hayloft and a barn attached to the side, often heated. There was a toilet in the hayloft, and firewood was kept. Large gates connected the hayloft with the street (the height of the gate from the ground is about 2.5-3 meters, the width of the gate is 2-3 meters).
All the premises of the hut were connected by a corridor, which had one level with the living quarters, therefore, a staircase led up to the door of the room. Outside the door leading to the hayloft, there were two staircases, one leading up to the hayloft, the other down to the barn.
A shed was attached to the rear wall of the hut (usually for storing hay). It was called the side-altar. This arrangement of a rural dwelling makes it possible to run a household in the harsh Russian winters without going out into the cold again.
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