Tartar money

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

IG Spassky reports the following. "On one side of the FIRST MONEY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MOSCOW is written in RUSSIAN the name of Dmitry Donskoy, but on the other side there is the TATAR INSCRIPTION, which took a fairly strong place on the early coins of many issues both in Moscow with its fiefdoms, and in the principalities located to the east … Tatar inscriptions, OFTEN SENSE OR EVEN UNREADABLE, on early Russian bilingual coins in the past were considered as a result of tributary relations "[806], p.96. An example of such a Russian "unreadable coin" is shown in Figure 2.13, below.

However, as we have already said in CHRON4, sometimes coins are called "unreadable", on which the inscriptions can be read, but at the same time there are contradictions with the Scaligerian chronology.

Further, I. G. Spassky himself refutes the theory according to which the Russian princes supposedly placed Tatar inscriptions on their coins by force, being subordinate to the Horde. In particular, he points out that “even on some of the coins of Ivan III, minted at a time when there could be NO SPEECH about any interference in Russian money business, there are Tatar inscriptions:“This is Moscow denga”,“Iban "(Ivan)" [806], p.96.

AD Chertkov writes: "On the coin of Ivan the Terrible, with a Russian inscription, we see an ARABIC one, meaning his name IBAN" [957], p.59.

So, according to the opinion of A. D. Chertkov, TATAR inscriptions appeared on RUSSIAN money not only under Ivan III, but also under Ivan IV, that is, AT THE END OF THE XVI CENTURY. This can no longer be explained by the dependence of the Russian state on the Horde. For, even according to the Scaligerian-Miller chronology, the power of the Horde in Russia has long been gone. A. D. Chertkov believed that such money was issued by Russian princes for their subjects - the Tatars. Quite reasonable.

Tatar inscriptions and "Arabic" symbols on Russian coins, fig.2.5, fig.2.6, fig.2.7, fig.2.14, are now accepted (ordered?) To be considered a sign of the "Tatar yoke" in Russia. In this regard, it is useful to note that ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS are found not only on Russian coins, but also on WESTERN EUROPEAN ones.

For example, "on Norman-Sicilian coins we see REX on one side, on the other in Arabic" [957], p.61. Let us recall that many of the inscriptions read on Russian coins are also written in ARABIC [957], see above. So, was there a MONGOLIAN IGO in Sicily too? But here historians for some reason put forward completely different explanations. In Sicily, they say, there were many Mohammedans [957], p.61.

This practice of "double standards" is familiar to us. They draw completely different conclusions from the same premises when talking about Russia and the West. Applying the same logic to Russia, we get that "there were many Mohammedans in Russia, therefore, coins were sometimes written in Arabic."

AD Chertkov explains this effect [957], p.61, but only in relation to the era, starting from the end of the XVI century.

Our explanation of the Arabic inscriptions on the coins of Western Europe is as follows. These territories in the era of the XIV-XVI centuries were part of the Great = "Mongol" Empire. The inscriptions were written in ancient Slavic script, now forgotten, and called "Arabic".

In addition, if we consider one side of the "Russian-Arab" Russian coins, and the second is considered as an expression of vassal dependence, then how then to interpret the coin shown in Fig. 2.7, with the inscription SULTAN JUST DZHANIBEK in the center, and on the same side in a circle - PRINCE BASIL DM? See [870], pp. 61-63.

By the way, even Russian letters on Russian coins sometimes look extremely unusual for a modern person. So, for example, the letter "O" was sometimes depicted in the form of a human profile looking to the right, and the letter "H" - in the form of an animal (?), Similar to a dog [957], p.120. See fig 2.15 fig 2.16.

According to historians of numismatics, the overwhelming majority of "Tatar" inscriptions on Russian coins - with the rare exceptions mentioned above - CANNOT BE READ [806], [957].

Anyway, a reasonable question arises. How is it actually known that these "meaningless and unreadable" inscriptions on Russian coins are really Tatar? Maybe they are Russian, but they were written in an OLD RUSSIAN ALPHABET, different from the later one that has come down to us. In CHRON4 we have already talked about the mysterious medieval Russian seals covered with supposedly "meaningless unreadable inscriptions." These mysterious inscriptions turned out to be RUSSIAN. At least some of them.

Consequently, today we do not fully understand the history of our RUSSIAN ALPHABET. Apparently, still RELATIVELY RECENTLY, right up to the 17th century, completely different Russian letters and Russian words were in use, today forgotten. Are today's researchers doing this? We do not know anything about this.

In general, it turns out that numismatists hardly understand Russian coins of the XIV-XV centuries [806], p.97. "The Tatar inscriptions (on these Russian coins - Auth.), With their imitative nature (? - Auth.) Give a little for the exact definition of the coins, since AS SAMPLES FOR COPYING (? - Auth.) ANY TATAR COINS WITHOUT ANALYSIS, OFTEN OLD, WITH THE NAME OF THE LONG DEAD KHAN (! - Auth.) "[806], p.97.

This all sounds very strange. Yes, really the great Russian princes - even according to the Romanov history, who had long been freed from the Horde - minted their own currency, BLINDLY COPYING OLD TATAR COINS OF LONG DEAD KHANS? We consider this hypothesis to be ridiculous. All this information, reported by I. G. Spassky, is well explained by our reconstruction, according to which the Horde and Russia are ONE AND THE SAME.

It is curious that modern researchers have not yet managed to fully understand the Russian coins of the XIV-XV centuries. IG Spassky admits: "There are still VERY MANY UNSTIMATED TYPES OF RUSSIAN COINS OF THIS TIME: THE NAMES ON THEM CANNOT BE RELIABLY CONNECTED WITH HISTORY, AND ON SOME AND ONLY 80".97.

Let us give some more examples showing that something is wrong in the current ideas about the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE of the XIV-XVI centuries. “THE INSCRIPTIONS OF SOME COINS WILL BE PUT INTO DEADLANDS UP TO THIS TIME; so, on MANY coins of Vasily Dmitrievich next to the image of a warrior there is a COMPLETELY CLEAR, BUT INCREDIBLE INSCRIPTION "RARAY" "[806], p.98.

Further. “Many guesses, sometimes very funny, were expressed before we managed to find a satisfactory reading of an unusual warning inscription on one type of early Tver coins:“THE WATCHER (that is, ostrastka - IG Spassky) ON A CRAZY MAN”[806], with.98. However, IG Spassky for some reason DOES NOT GIVE AN EXPLANATION of this really strange inscription affixed ON MANY RUSSIAN COINS. Why? The answer is silence.

Further. “The same unusual inscription on the Moscow dengue of Vasily Temny,“LEAVE MADNESS AND WILL LIVE”[806], p.98.

However, there is nothing too unusual here. Probably, in Russia there was a custom to emboss the first words of church texts or prayers on coins (as, for example, this is done on the back of pectoral crosses).

Further. "PRETTY CLEAR TARABAR (! - Auth.) INSCRIPTION OF DOCOVONOVO-VODOZORM is on the well-known TYPE of coins of the time of Ivan III or Vasily Ivanovich" [806], p.98. See figure 2.17.

M. I. Grinchuk (Moscow State University) noted the following about this coin. “The lettering is really quite clear, but not so gibberish. It is quite possible to read the words of MASKOVSKO NOVOGOROZOA, maybe Moskovsko-Novgorod? By the way, A. D. Chertkov in [957] reads this inscription much closer to this version than to the "gibberish" Dokovovonovodozorm ".

From all these facts it follows that it is necessary to actively study these interesting features of the RUSSIAN ALPHABET AND LANGUAGE of the XIV-XVI centuries. Who is doing this and where?

There are many such allegedly "gibberish" coins. There is something deeply wrong in today's = Romanov version of Russian history, if we are not able to understand many inscriptions on OUR NATIONAL CURRENCY, WHICH WAS IN CIRCULATION FOR ONLY A HUNDRED TWO YEARS BEFORE THE REMANOVS REGION, and even during the first period of their reign.

IG Spassky continues: "Some Tver coins are especially AMAZING: they depict some kind of two-legged creatures with tails and horns, quite in the spirit of folk ideas about devils" [806], p.99. And this is the face of the official national coin?

During Ivan III "with the establishment of the 12-sided weight, ALL QUADRONGES, BIRDS, FLOWERS, GRIPHONS, SIRENS and other fruits of the imagination and taste of our money disappears … This is where the uniformity of images, weight and type of money of the Great Prince of Moscow begins: the same stamp and the weight of 12 grains will be constant for 150 years. A rider galloping to the right, with a saber over his head, and four lines on the back … only the letters under the horse are DIFFERENT "[957], p.48.

A. D. Chertkov does not know what the letters under the horse meant. Perhaps this is a conditional indication of the date. We write numbers, but before we used letters. It turns out that the life of Russia in the XIV-XVI centuries, mysteriously visible on our Russian coins, is covered in darkness for us, if, guided by the Romanov history today, we are not even able to READ many words of the then Russian language.

It is believed that the old Russian monetary unit MORTKA was supplanted by a new one - MONEY - back in the XIV century. However, right there IG Spassky unexpectedly informs: "Mortka is a STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE LIFE OF THE TERM: IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF PETERSBURG HER KNOWN STILL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XVIII CENTURY!" [806], p.104.

Our hypothesis: RUSSIAN MONETARY UNITS RELATED TO OLD ANCIENT TODAY, REALLY ARE RELATEDLY RECENTLY. And some of them were in use until the 19th century.

RUSSIAN-TATAR BILINGUALITY OF RUSSIAN COINS OF THE XIV CENTURY

According to AA Ilyin, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in the catalog "Classification of Russian specific coins": "ALL RUSSIAN COINS minted at the end of the XIV century are minted IN THE NAME OF KHAN GOLDEN HORDA" [309], p.33. On what basis do historians and numismatists make such a conclusion?

It turns out that “on their obverse (Russian coins - Auth.) We ALWAYS have a COPY OF THE TATAR COIN … On the reverse side of these coins we ALWAYS have the inscription“the seal of the grand duke”or“the seal of the prince”and the image of the seal itself. Probably, a little later, they began to add the name of the Grand Duke … Hence, it is necessary to conclude that ALL FIRST RUSSIAN COINS ARE TWO NAME "[79], p.33.

However, the terms "obverse" and "reverse" sides of the coin are pure convention. On the same page A. A. Ilyin reports that "in Russian numismatics of specific time, the FACE side is considered to be the side on which the image of the PRINCE seal and the RUSSIAN INSCRIPTION; and the REVERSE side is a copy of the TATAR coin" [309], p.33 …

Historians of numismatics evasively call these coins "two-name". That is, on one side - the name of the Tatar khan, and on the other - the Russian prince. True, at the same time, the Russian monetary authorities, they say, FOR ILLITERATE, placed the name of the WRONG KHAN. Just listen. They write like this: "Russian money-makers, not knowing the Tatar language firmly, took for themselves apparently ANY TATAR COIN as a sample" [309], p.33. And that is why sometimes they printed images of SOME OTHER KHANS [309], p.33.

It turns out that the wild Russian money did not even know which Tatar coins were printed IN THEIR TIME. Imagine a modern Tatar who does not know Russian. He probably knows, nevertheless, with what kind of Russian money he pays in the store. Although they have changed many times in recent years.

Our explanation is simple. All these Russian coins were NOT DUAL, BUT BILINGUAL. That is, the NAME OF ONE RULER was printed on the coin - who was both the khan and the grand duke. BUT IN TWO LANGUAGES - both in Russian and in Tatar.

WHERE THE TATAR MONEY WAS PRINTED

Let's think about an interesting question. And where were the TATAR mints that printed OWN TATAR money? As far as we know, there is no answer to this question in the Romanov-Miller story.

And at the same time, it turns out, there is an answer to another question - where were printed RUSSIAN MONEY, WHICH WERE ALSO COPIES FROM TATAR. That is, Russian money, but "in appearance" as Tatar money.

A. V. Oreshnikov writes: “In view of the repeated finds of homogeneous coins in one region (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod), the question of the place of mintage of RUSSIAN MONEY, REPRESENTING COPIES FROM TATAR … -NIZHEGORODSKY "[309], p.33. One gets the impression that the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod mints printed the TATAR MONEY OF THE GREAT RUSSIAN PRINCES-KHANS. On the other hand, SLAVIC LETTERS were minted on TATAR COINS [309], p.24. This further blurs the line between "Russian" and "Tatar" money. Apparently it was just ONE AND THE SAME.

HOW THE DATES ARE DESIGNATED ON THE OLD COINS

The dates of minting on antique coins - EXCEPTIONAL CASES.

Some of them are dated - and, moreover, quite widely - ONLY BY INDIRECT SIGNS. But in the Hellenistic era, coins often indicate either the year of the reign of this or that king, or the year according to the local era "[684], p.125. But this gives only some scraps of RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY. Establishing the absolute chronology of coins is not an easy task.

"On Russian coins, the FIRST DATES APPEAR IN 1596 and are designated in Slavic letters. Although the efimk talers, as well as some gold awards under Alexei Mikhailovich had dates in NUMBERS (all efimkas, as you know, are in 1655), ALMOST ALL COINS BEFORE 1722 DATE EXPRESSED IN SLAVIC LETTERS "[684], p.128.

G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko, "Empire", fragment.