The Russian Empire is not "Russia with a plow"

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

As you know, Dzhugashvili (Stalin) in 1924 accepted Russia from Ulyanov (Lenin) “only with a plow,” but the Russian Empire was strikingly different from what the Bolsheviks did to it in 7 years.

Rockets and jet engines, theory of space flight, calculation of the trajectory of flight to the moon, strategic bombers, seaplanes, civil aircraft, super-heavy tanks, electric submarines, polar icebreakers, tankers, destroyers and cruisers, electric trams, tracked gasoline tractors, electric ignition and water-cooled eight-cylinder engine, telegraph and telephone, camera for marine photography, photocells, radio-controlled mechanisms, electric arc welding, parachute, gas mask, movie camera, color photography, television, induction furnace, geophysical electrical prospecting, aerodynamics, immunology, virology, oncology, synthetic rubber and synthetic detergents, chemosynthesis, thermal cracking, snowmobiles, gyrocar … - all this was invented in the Russian Empire under the Emperor Nicholas II, who gave a powerful impetus to domestic science and invention, including the Highest patronage Om and donations from personal funds.

The following lists only the main inventions and discoveries made in the years 1868-1916. Although in earlier years there were many no less amazing inventions: the world's first icebreaker was built in 1864 by shipbuilder Mikhail Osipovich Britnev, and in 1867 Nikolai Afanasyevich Teleshov completed one of the world's first jet aircraft projects … The West learned from Russia, for example, chevron gears were not the invention of Andre Citroen - he became interested in them, having met such a transmission on a processing machine of one of the factories of the Russian Empire.

So, in chronological order (1868-1916):

1868 year. Striping header. Andrei Romanovich Vlasenko in 1868 created an original horse-drawn harvester, combining a mower, transport and a thresher.

1869 year. Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. The inventor is Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

1871 Autonomous diving suit project. The creator is Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin.

1872 year. Electric lamp. The inventor is Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin. In 1872 he applied for a patent for an incandescent lamp in Russia. He also patented this invention in Austria, Britain, France and Belgium. As a filament, Lodygin used a very thin carbon rod placed in an evacuated vessel. The burning time of the rod was 30-40 minutes, then it had to be changed. Therefore, Alexander Nikolaevich proposed to pump out air from the lamps (the burning time increased to 1000 hours) and instead of coal to use a refractory metal - tungsten (as in modern lamps).

1872 year. Monorail with steam-powered carriages. The world's first steam monorail was designed by engineer Alexander Lyarsky.

1873 year. Odner adding machine. The inventor is Wilgodt Theophilus Odner.

1873 year. Armored cruiser. The head of the construction of the world's first ocean-going armored cruiser "General-Admiral" - Andrey Alexandrovich Popov.

1874 year. Umov's vector. Nikolai Alekseevich Umov introduced the following properties of energy: speed and direction of motion, density at a given point in the medium, spatial localization of the flow.

1876 Yablochkov's candle. Invented in 1876 by Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov. The candle was the first commercially viable electric arc lamp.

1876 Experimental Oncology. The ancestor of experimental oncology is considered the veterinarian Mstislav Aleksandrovich Novinsky, who in 1876 made a series of inoculations of malignant tumors from adult dogs to puppies.

1876 Continuous adding machine. The inventor is Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev. Initially, only summation was supported (it was inconvenient to subtract) with continuous transfer of tens, in 1881 the possibility of division and multiplication was added. The ideas underlying the adding machine are also used in modern water, gas and electricity meters.

1877 year. Destroyer. The head of the construction of the world's first seagoing destroyer "Explosion" - Andrey Alexandrovich Popov.

1877 year. Tracked tractor prototype. The inventor is Fedor Abramovich Blinov. The invention was a railway carriage with a wooden body and a frame, to the lower part of which two bogies were attached on springs, turning in a horizontal plane together with the axles of four supporting wheels. The designer called “endless rails” closed iron bands consisting of separate links. At the front of the support frame, a pivoting drawbar for the steam horse harness has been reinforced.

The year is 1878. Shukhov's reservoir. The inventor is Vladimir G. Shukhov. Modern cylindrical oil storage tanks are still being built according to the basic principles developed by Shukhov.

The year is 1878. Chebyshev's walking mechanism. Pafnuti Lvovich Chebyshev first demonstrated his invention at an exhibition in Paris in 1978, together with an arithmometer invented earlier.

1879 year. Tanker. The inventor is Ludwig Nobel.

1880s. Column of Vinogradsky. The Vinogradsky Column is a simple device for growing a variety of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s. Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradsky. It is a glass column containing mud from the pond diluted with water. You also need a carbon source in the form of newsprint (generally something containing cellulose will do), toasted marshmallows or eggshells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. After two months in the light, there will be an aerobic / anaerobic bacteria gradient and a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of various microorganisms: Clostridium, Desulfovipio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa and many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria and algae.

1880s. Gasoline carburetor internal combustion engine. Ogneslav (Ignatiy) Stepanovich Kostovich invented a gasoline carburetor eight-cylinder engine with electric ignition and water cooling. For the first time, the counter movement of pistons in opposed cylinders was used. More than 20 years later, a similar arrangement of cylinders was used in aircraft by Hugo Genrikhovich Junkers.

1880 Vitamins. Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin experimentally proved that in addition to water, salts, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, other substances that are not produced by the body of animals are necessary for life.

1880 Electric tram. The inventor is Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky.

1880 Telegraphing and telephony on one wire. The inventor is Grigory Grigorievich Ignatiev.

1881 year. Rocket project. Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich created a scheme of a jet-powered aircraft.

1881 year. Arc welding with a carbon electrode. For the first time, the arc welding method was proposed by Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos and later patented in 1887.

1882 year. Mozhaisky's plane. The creator is Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky.

1882 year. Multi-pole telephone. Pavel Mikhailovich Golubitsky developed a multipolar telephone, which significantly surpassed its predecessors in terms of communication quality.

1883 Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The Cathedral of Christ the Savior is the main and largest cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, located in Moscow on the banks of the Moskva River. It is the highest Orthodox church in the world. The temple, built according to the project of Konstantin Andreyevich Ton, is an outstanding example of the Russian style of architecture. For the first time in history, the heads of the cathedral were gilded using electroplating. The building was destroyed during the Soviet era.

1883 Gas holder. Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov calculated the optimal shape of gas tanks and later developed standard designs for natural gas storage facilities with a capacity of up to 100 thousand cubic meters. m.

1883 Soil science. The year of publication of the monograph "Russian Chernozem" by Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev is the year of birth of a new science - soil science.

1885 year. Oil barge. The inventor is Vladimir G. Shukhov. The first oil barges, built in 1885, reached a length of 150 m. However, already in 1893, a 172 m long barge with a carrying capacity of 12,000 tons was built.

1885 year. Submarine with an electric motor. The inventor is Stepan Karlovich Dzhevetsky.

1886 year. Aerial camera (AFA). The inventor is Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky. By the way, he also invented a waterproof camera for marine photography (1886), photographic plates for aerial photography (1886), a special camera for recording the phases of a solar eclipse (1887). The world's first AFA for cross-country and area photography from an airplane was invented by the Russian military engineer V. F. Potte. Its tests took place in the summer of 1911 at the Gatchina airfield.

1886 year. Multiple expansion steam engine. Vasily Ivanovich Kalashnikov in 1872 created a steam engine with double expansion of steam - a compound. In 1886 - for the first time in the world with a triple, in 1890 - with a quadruple.

1888 Crawler. The first steam tractor on tracks was built by Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.

1888 Arc welding with a metallized electrode. The inventor is Nikolai Gavrilovich Slavyanov.

1888-1890 years. Photocell. Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov discovered three laws of the photoelectric effect and created the first photocell.

1888 Three-phase power supply system. Mikhail Osipovich Dolivo-Dobrovolsky was one of the first authors of the invention and development of three-phase systems, such as a three-phase motor, a three-phase generator and a three-phase transformer. And for the first time in the world, a three-phase system in industry was applied in Novorossiysk by the Russian engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Shchennovich.

The year is 1889. Three-line rifle, model 1891 (Mosin rifle, three-line). The rifle developed by Sergei Ivanovich Mosin became the most massive rifle in the world.

1890 Chemosynthesis. The phenomenon was discovered by Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradsky.

1891 year. Thermal cracking. The first cracking process was invented by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov.

1892 Viruses. Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky discovered the first virus - the tobacco mosaic virus.

1893 year. Snail-type jump mechanism, movie camera. The inventor is Joseph Andreevich Timchenko. It was this mechanism that was used in the kinetoscope, developed jointly with Mikhail Filippovich Freudenberg.

1894 year. Nefoscope. The inventor is Mikhail Mikhailovich Pomortsev.

1894 year. The first phototypesetting machine. Victor Afanasevich Gassiev created the first working machine in 1894, when he was 15 years old. In 1897 he applied for a patent and received it in 1900.

The year is 1895. "Lightning detector" / Radio receiver. Alexander Stepanovich Popov: "How happy I am that a new means of communication has been opened not abroad, but in Russia."

1896 Overlapping shell. The inventor is Vladimir G. Shukhov.

1896 Stretch structures. The inventor is Vladimir G. Shukhov.

1896 Hyperboloid structures. The inventor is Vladimir G. Shukhov. Pay attention also to the Shukhov Tower.

1897 Mesh shell / Aircraft hangars. The inventor is Vladimir G. Shukhov. Mesh shells are ideal for spacious pavilions and aircraft hangars.

1898 Polar icebreaker. A polar icebreaker is an icebreaker capable of operating in polar waters covered with vast fields of thick, multi-year sea ice. The Russian icebreaker Ermak was the first icebreaker capable of sailing through pack ice. It was built in England in 1897-1898. designed by Russian Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov and under his supervision. During the first 12 years of operation, the icebreaker spent over a thousand days in the ice. Starting with this ship, Russia has created the largest ocean-going icebreaker fleet of the 20th and 21st centuries.

1898 Radio control. On April 7 (March 25), 1898, Nikolai Dmitrievich Pilchikov carried out the first experiments on radio control.

1899 year. Electromagnetic radiation pressure. Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev proved by his experiment the existence of light pressure.

1899 year. Electrified monorail. The first electrified monorail in Russia was built in Gatchina according to the design of Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov. The project provided for the possibility of regenerative braking of trains. Romanov already then thought about the automation of movement in order to exclude the human factor, and as a solution he proposed an automatic reduction in speed when trains approaching a dangerous distance (1.5-2 km).

1901 year. Conditioned reflex. Opened by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion."

1901 year. Phagocytic theory of immunity. The creator is Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. For his work in the field of immunity, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 together with Paul Izmarovich Erlich.

1901 year. Chromatography. The inventor is Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet.

1902 year. Color photography by triple exposure method. The inventor is Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky. In 1905, he patented the design of a sensitizer that is equally sensitive to the entire color spectrum.

1902 year. Fire-fighting foam. Fire fighting foam is a foam used to suppress fire. Its task is to cool and block the access of fire to oxygen. The result will be the cessation of the fire. Fire fighting foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Alexander Grigorievich Laurent in 1902. He was a teacher at a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at the time. Impressed by the terrible oil fires that were hard to extinguish, Laurent tried to find such a liquid substance that could effectively solve this problem, and so he invented fire fighting foam.

1903 year. Theoretical substantiation of the possibility of space flight. Formulated by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky.

1903 year. Cytoskeleton. Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov suggested that the shape of the cells is determined by the network of tubules, which he called the cytoskeleton.

1903 year. Motor ship. The Russian tanker Vandal was the world's first motor ship and the world's first diesel-electric ship.

1903 year. Electrical prospecting. The monograph "On the use of electricity for prospecting for ore deposits" by EI Ragozin, published in 1903, became a bright scientific event at the beginning of this section of geophysics.

1904 year. Aerodynamics. The year Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky created the lift theorem can be considered the year of birth of aerodynamics as a science. Sergey Alekseevich Chaplygin made a huge contribution to aerodynamics, and he is rightfully called the founder of this science along with Zhukovsky.

1904 year. Foam fire extinguisher. A foam fire extinguisher is a type of fire extinguisher that uses fire extinguishing foam. It works and looks like carbon dioxide, but there are differences inside. The main container contains an aqueous solution, a foamy mixture (usually licorice root) and sodium bicarbonate. The first such fire extinguisher was made in 1904 by Alexander Grigorievich Laurent, who invented foam two years earlier.

1904 year. Mortar. Inventors: Sergei Nikolaevich Vlasyev and Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato.

1905 year. Korotkoff sounds, a method of measuring blood pressure by listening. Opened by Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkov.

1905 year. Unsinkable. The concept of unsinkability was first introduced by Stepan Osipovich Makarov, the theory of unsinkability was created by Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov, supplemented and developed by Ivan Grigorievich Bubnov.

1906 year. Electromagnetic seismograph. The inventor is Boris Borisovich Golitsyn.

1906 year. Puppet animation. Alexander Viktorovich Shiryaev was the first to shoot a puppet cartoon in 1906. It is interesting that for a long time Vladislav Aleksandrovich Starevich, another Russian animator, was considered a pioneer.

1907 year. Snowmobile / Snowmobile. The first and immediately successful snowmobile was made by Sergei Sergeevich Nezhdanovsky.

1907 year. Accordion.

1907 year. The television. Boris Lvovich Rosing invented the first electronic method of recording and reproducing an image, using an electronic scanning system and a cathode ray tube, that is, for the first time "formulated" the basic principle of the structure and operation of modern television. Patent No. 18076 "Method of electrical transmission of images over a distance", confirmed by a patent in England (1908) and a patent in Germany (1909). In 1911, he managed to achieve the reception of images of the simplest figures in his laboratory. It was the world's first television show.

1907 year. Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ on Blood. An outstanding work of architecture. The cathedral is decorated with mosaics with a total area of 7,500 sq / m, which is slightly less than the area of the largest collection of mosaics in the Cathedral of St. Louis (7,700 sq / m).

1909 year. Induction oven. The inventor is Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin.

1910 year. Ionic excitation theory. Creator - Peter Petrovich Lazarev.

1910 year. Synthetic rubber. The first commercially successful form of synthetic rubber was polybutadiene, synthesized by Sergei Vasilievich Lebedev.

1910 year. Editing, Kuleshov effect. The theory of editing was described by one of the pioneers of the world cinematography - Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov.

1910 year. Non-Aristotelian logic. Founder - Nikolay Alexandrovich Vasiliev.

1911 year. Knapsack parachute. The inventor is Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov. The parachute had a round shape, fit into a metal knapsack, located on the pilot with a harness. At the bottom of the knapsack, under the dome, there were springs that threw the dome into the stream after the bouncing one pulled out the exhaust ring. Subsequently, the hard knapsack was replaced with a soft one, and honeycombs appeared at the bottom for laying lines in them. This design of the rescue parachute is still used today.

1911 year. Hafnium. The element was discovered independently by Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky with his student Konstantin Avtonomovich Nenadkevich and Georges Urbain.

1911 year. Stanislavsky system. A set of techniques used to prepare actors to portray the believable emotions of their characters. The method, which was originally created by Konstantin Stanislavsky in 1911–1916, was based on the idea of emotional memory, on which the actor is internally focused in order to portray the emotions of the stage character.

1911-1915. "Tank of Mendeleev". The project of the world's first super-heavy tank was created by Vasily Dmitrievich Mendeleev.

1912 year. Brake parachute. Invented by Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov and tested it on a Russo-Balt car. In aviation, the braking parachute was first used in 1937, during the preparation of the Soviet expedition to the North Pole region.

1912 year. Oblique monoplane. The world's first strut-braced monoplane was created by Yakov Modestovich Gakkel.

1913 year. Passenger plane. The world's first four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" and "Ilya Muromets" by Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky.

1913 year. Loop. On September 9 (August 27), 1913, Pyotr Nikolaevich Nesterov, based on his calculations, performed a closed loop in the vertical plane, which was later named after him. Thus, he laid the foundations of aerobatics.

1913 year. Half-track all-terrain vehicle. Also known as the Kegress engine, invented by Adolphe Kegress.

1913 year. Synthetic rubber. Boris Vasilievich Byzov discovered a method for producing synthetic rubber from oil.

1913 year. Synthetic detergent. Grigory Semyonovich Petrov in 1913 patented a means for splitting fats. Today it is widely known under the name "Petrov's Kerosene Contact".

1913 year. Seaplane. Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich designed the world's first seaplane "M-1".

1914 year. Gjirocar. The inventor is Pyotr Petrovich Shilovsky.

1914 year. Strategic bomber. "Ilya Muromets" by Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky.

1913 year. Plane "Svyatogor". The largest plane at that time did not take off only because of the mysterious death of its designer, Vasily Andrianovich Slesarev.

1915 year. Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask. Developed by Professor ND Zelinsky together with the technologist of the Triangle plant MI Kummant in 1915, independently of James Bert Garner.

1915 year. All-terrain vehicle. The all-terrain vehicle was the first prototype of a tracked tank or wedge, and the first amphibious tank. It was built in 1915 by Alexander Alexandrovich Porokhovshchikov.

1916 year. Trans-Siberian Railway. The longest railway in the world.

1916 year. Optophone. The inventor is Vladimir Davidovich Baranov-Rossine. He developed the ideas of Aleksandr Nikolayevich Scriabin and created an "optophone" (a type of "color" piano) - an apparatus with a system of keys that allows projecting more than three thousand shades of the spectrum onto the screen.