About Siberian Lukomorye

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Studying the early Western European maps, which depict the Ob and Altai, M. F. Rosen noticed the words Lukomoria. Russian historical cartography did not know such a toponym, but Western European cartographers replicated it with enviable persistence (G. Mercator, 1595; I. Gondius, 1606; I. Massa, 1633; J. Cantelli, 1683). The source of information about Lukomoria is known. This is the Austrian diplomat Sigismund Herberstein, who twice, in 1517 and 1526, visited Moscow, and in 1547 published the book "Notes on Muscovy". In addition to personal observations, he used Russian sources, in particular the Yugorsky road book, probably compiled at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Lukomoria is not shown on the map attached to the work of S. Herberstein. However, S. Herberstein gave several geographic landmarks. He pointed out that Lukomoria is located "in the mountains on the other side of the Ob", "… and the Kossin river flows out of the Lukomor mountains … Together with this river, another river Kassima originates, and, flowing through Lukomoria, flows into the large Takhnin river."

M. F. Rosen is perhaps the first researcher who decided to "deal" with Lukomoria. In six published works (Rosen M. F., 1980, 1983, 1989, 1992, 1997, 1998), he covered the problem of Siberian Lukomoria with varying degrees of depth. A long search led him to the conclusion that the term curvature was used in Russia to designate not only the bends of the sea coast, but also the areas located in the interior of the country. Curator of the Pushkin Mountains Museum S. S. Geychenko wrote in his book "At Lukomorye", which is not far from the village. Trigorskoe between the r. Sorot and r. Velikaya, where the slopes of the Velikaya valley diverge widely, there is a beautiful curvature of the sea. S. Geychenko said in a letter to Mikhail Fedorovich that even now in the Pskov dialect the term "curvature" is used in the meaning of "river bend". M. F. Rosen, came to the conclusion that the term lukomorye was brought to Siberia by Novgorod merchants, who have long known the way to Yugoria.

M. F. Rosen piqued my interest in Lukomoria as well. First of all, it was required to identify the Lukomorian toponyms mentioned by S. Herberstein. It was necessary to find a locality on the right bank of the Ob where all these place names could be compared with modern or historically accurate ones. Only the right bank of the Ob River opposite the mouth of the Irtysh could have been such a locality. Here the pp flow. Kazym (at Herberstein - Kossima) and Nazym (at the end of the 17th century it was called Kazymka). The Lukomorsk mountains are the western flank of the Siberian ridges, which are called Belogorye (Belogorsk continent) opposite the mouth of the Irtysh. Herberstein also pointed out that Lukomorye is a wooded area. Let us recall that the coast of the northern seas washing Western Siberia is treeless everywhere, and the western part of the Siberian ridges is now enclosed and famous in the past for the abundance of animals.

But when and who created the toponym Lukomorye?

Undoubtedly, it appeared in pre-Ermak times, since Russian documents of that time no longer mention it. Undoubtedly, it is of Russian origin (bow and sea "bend of the coastline of the sea"). But which of the Russians settled against the mouth of the Irtysh long before Ermak and created the first colony here, known as Lukomorye?

On the map of G. Cantelli to the south of the "country" of Lucomoria, the inscription Samaricgui (or Samariegui) is made, i.e. samariki. Undoubtedly, this ethnonym is the name of a certain group of the population. But who were these samariks? It is unlikely that this issue could have been resolved without research by the famous Tomsk ethnographer G. I. Pelikh (1995).

G. I. Pelikh published a detailed article about the first Russian settlers, whose name was Samara, and who, according to their legend, came to Siberia from the warm steppes by the warm sea. And they came to Siberia from the river. Samara, which flows into the left & Dnieper. In the villages of the Donetsk region, even 30 years ago, the collective nickname samapi was in use. However, it is not clear whether an ethnonym was created along the river. Samara or vice versa. The departure of the Samars from the Don to Siberia was caused by the outbreak of "terrible wars" there. G. I. Pelikh attributes this event to the troubled 13th-14th centuries. Samara went to Siberia along the roads of fur traders. All of them settled along the Lower Irtysh and Ob near its mouth. The Samars included the Kayalovs and Tsyngans. The Kayalovs in their former homeland lived along the left tributary of the Samara, which was called in the lower reaches of the Baibalak, in the middle reaches - the Kayal (according to the Kayalovs, "rocker", since the river makes a sharp bend here). The upper reaches of the river, which dry up in the summer, were called Wolf Tail. In Siberia, the Kayalovs called the Baybalak channel, which originates from the Irtysh and flows into the Ob below its mouth. This name of the channel (Baybalakovskaya) has survived to this day. The Khanty name is also known - Kelma-pasol.

Even before Yermak, the Tsyngans founded the Tsyngaly village, which still stands on the banks of the Irtysh.

The first Russian colonists lived in harmony with the Khanty, many worsened, but with the arrival of the Cossacks, relations worsened, and part of the migrants left to the east. Some of the Kayalovs settled near Narym, others went along the Vakh, where they created the village. Kayalova, and further to Turukhan. Local Selkups still remembered thirty years ago that some Kuyaly lived in Turukhan, who were called Ivans. The settlement of the Tsyngans was traced by us on the basis of toponymic materials (Maloletko A. M., 1997): the Tsyngans settled in remote places of the right and left banks of the Ob River above and below the mouth of the Irtysh, founding there many settlements that functioned in the middle of the 20th century. v.

The descendants of long-time immigrants from behind the Don (chaldons) - the Kayalovs and Tsyngalovs - still live in Tomsk and the region.

These are the conclusions we came to, continuing the development of the topic first announced by Mikhail Fedorovich Rosen: the first Russian colony in Siberia, called Lukomoria, was founded by people from the southern Russian steppes.

It seems that this conclusion finally provides a solution to the problem over which historians have been struggling for more than 200 years: about the identification of p. Kayala, under which in 1185 the Seversky Prince Igor was defeated by the Polovtsians. In the legends of the Kayalovs, the Kayala River is a left tributary of Samara, which, in turn, is a left tributary of the Dnieper. The upper reaches of the river dried up in the summer and was called Wolf Tail. Later (XVI century) this name was transformed into Wolf waters; now it is the Volchya river.

So, unexpectedly, the history of the Siberian Lukomoria was intertwined with the events of earlier times on the southern borders of the Russian land.