Historical dregs in the waters of the Amu Darya

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

To love the fatherland - says nature, God, And to know him is an honor, dignity and duty.

Did you know that

Not a single army in the world crossed the Amu-Darya River either in the ancient or in the Middle Ages.

The campaign of Darius, Cyrus, Alexander the Great, and even more so the conquests of the Arabs, the "campaigns" of the mythical Genghis Khan are nothing more than inventions of chroniclers.

Academician V. V. Bartold says that the historian of the Timurid period (15th century) "is experiencing difficulties not because of the lack, but because of the abundance of material scattered over a large number of libraries, and that is compiled material that requires the most careful critical examination." (Notes of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences, issue V).

This indicates the bias of the presented or already processed material, where dogmatism prevails over reality. Moreover, the attitude to historical reality was artificially formed from the outset, regardless of whether there was evidence or not.

In no manuscript or chronicle you will not find a description of the passage of troops through the desert, much less crossing the mighty river Amu - Darya. Which the ancient Greeks compared with the high-water Nile and the mountain Indus.

In no pre-revolutionary edition of Russia, you will not find any characteristics of currents and floods about the Amu-Darya River, church censorship did not even allow in encyclopedic dictionaries.

The first data were published in 1898 in the French General Geography Elise Reclus "Earth and People"

According to the measurements of Schmidt and Dorandt, the amount of water flowing per second in Amu Darya, near Nukus, represents the following figures:

Average annual volume for three years: 1873, 1874, 1875 - 1.596 cubic meters. meter, during the flood period - 4.537 cubic meters. meter, during the flood of 1878, according to Gelman - 27.400 cubic meters. meter.

This is without taking into account the water taken by Khiva by irrigation canals.

Connecting with the mighty mountain rivers flowing in the mountain gorges, the Amu-Darya through the narrow gorge of the Gissar mountains, where its width is 300 meters, breaks out into the valley dividing the largest deserts of Central Asia - Kara-Kum and Kyzyl-Kum.

Here, its minimum width is 700 meters, sometimes spilling up to two kilometers wide. The depth of the waters is not less than 6 meters and the speed of the current varies from 5,600 meters per hour, to 10,000 and more - during the flooding of the river.

The fall of the Amu Darya from Chardzhui to the Aral Sea is 142 meters. It is easy to compare with the Volga: the energy of the Volga in the lower reaches from Volgograd to Astrakhan is 20,000 liters. With. per kilometer, the energy of the Amu Darya on average from Chardzhui to Nukus is 12,000 liters s. per kilometer.

The water gain in the river begins in March, with a small flood occurring at the end of this month or in early April, resulting from the melting of snow in the foothills.

Then, during the melting of snow and ice in the mountains, at the end of June and in July, the water reaches its highest height. Since August, the water begins to sell, by the beginning of November it returns to normal and remains approximately at the same level until March of the next year.

Lack of bridges, lack of forests for making rafts, high banks and kilometer-long tugai, consisting of reeds and bushes, reaching heights to shelter the rider on a camel.

The only transport vessel is a narrow, shallow-draft boat - Kime1, which is adapted only for transporting bales of caravans and people. Other means of transportation did not exist in those days.

And what about the transitions through the Kara-Kum and Kyzyl-Kum deserts? If a man can get by with a meager supply of water for a week, then horses? Deep wells with a small water flow rate - one hundred or two hundred buckets will not provide thousands of "armies".

The authentic historical campaign of the Bukhara Khan at the beginning of the 19th century ended halfway precisely because of the lack of water. What about horse food?

This is not flat Russia, where horses will replenish their energy with fresh grass overnight, and there are haystacks near every village. In Central Asia, no pasture was procured at all2.

Returning to the water barrier separating the two large deserts, it is necessary to introduce the words of the eyewitness A. Nikolsky, the first Russian who passed through the Amu Darya:

“Amu is a magnificent gigantic stream cutting through the Turan lowland from northeast to southwest. Neither the Volga, nor the Dnieper, nor any other Russian rivers can give an idea of what the Amu is.

Already near Petro-Aleksandrovsk (Turtkul), the river is so wide that the opposite bank is not clearly visible, like in fog, if you look obliquely, the water surface merges with the horizon.

This mass of water rushes into the Aral Sea at a dizzying speed. Jagged waves are forever surfacing Amu. These are not the waves that the wind blows, it is the river itself rushing and galloping along the rocky bottom, repeating all its irregularities; in some places the water boils and boils, like in a cauldron.

In places, drawing in floating objects, suvodi spin, visible from a distance on their smooth shiny surface.

This greatest of rivers, flowing through the desert, has long been famous for its whims. Such is the Amu, along which our skiff was now sailing.

How quickly its current rushed, can be judged by the fact that, having rolled off at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the next day, late in the evening, we were already in Nukus, i.e. traveled more than 200 miles; at the same time we spent the night on the shore, and during the day we stopped several times in the villages to buy mutton."

Most readers do not know that in the past, the Amu Darya flowed into the Caspian Sea, and only an evil hand changed its direction and the river began to flow into the Aral Sea.

Until now, the ancient channel, the so-called Uzboy, has survived, and in the Krasnovodsk Bay on the shore of the Caspian Sea there is a place that represents all the signs of the former mouth of a huge river and along the banks of which there are many ruins of settlements of ancient peoples.

Historiography is silent or carefully bypasses this geographical and historical period, although it has a very close influence on the entire subsequent history of Central Asia and even Russia.

In order to get rid of established dogmas and postulates, as well as overcome personal bias, one should, first of all, erase those boundaries and frameworks that a person has set for himself.

The travelers noted that the current of the Amu Darya usually goes along the right bank: just like in the Volga and in Siberian rivers, the waters here irrepressibly obey the lateral movement, which is imparted to them by the rotation of the earth around its axis.

Over the entire historical period, the river, undermining the right side of the bank, deviated from its original channel by several kilometers.

To maintain the water level in Uzboy, the inhabitants of Khorezm and the entire coast of the old channel of the Uzboy were supported by the old river beds flowing to the west, filling them with canals with controlled dams in the area of the city of Khiva.

On the map of the "Khiva Khanate", by the English hydrographer John Murray, published in 1875, the old riverbeds flowing to the west are clearly traced.

For a very long time, the scientific world did not recognize the flow of the Amu Darya along the Uzboy into the Caspian Sea, and even now it is trying to bypass this issue or is silent.

The Russian researcher of Central Asia V. V. Bartold informs his addressee in the Academy of Sciences:

“The main book news of recent times is Berg's voluminous dissertation on the Aral Sea, probably received in Turkestan as well. It is especially pleasant for me that the look at the confluence of the Amu-Darya through the Uzboy in the 16th century. to the Caspian Sea, which naturalists earlier, from the height of their scientific greatness, declared "disagreeing with the undoubted data of geology and paleontology," is now recognized in the naturalist's dissertation as completely correct."

In another letter, dated November 15, 1910, V. V. Barthold wrote:

“Recently I had the opportunity to make sure that now the fact of the confluence of the Amu Darya before the XVI century. to the Caspian Sea, which until recently was considered absurd, are referred to as a generally recognized truth that does not need proof, and they no longer consider it necessary to name the person who established it. For me, such a tacit recognition of the results of my work has always been much more pleasant than any verbal, written and printed praise."

And finally, in a letter dated May 26, 1926, reporting on his works in the libraries of Constantinople, he writes:

“In the autograph of one of Biruni's works I found new information about Amu Darya. It was finally established that the Arab authors did not know anything about the exit of Uzboy from the Sarykamysh depression and considered the channel of the Uzboy near the Balkhan to be a continuation of the branch, as if it had once separated from the Amu Darya much higher than the southern border of Khorezm."

The fact that the Arab chronicles were chronologically written and most were compiled, three hundred years after the mythical campaigns of Genghis Khan, you should not be confused.

All these "Arabian tales" tell only about the barbarity, savagery and cruelty of the peoples of Central Asia. The production of silk in prehistoric times was deleted from the history of these peoples.

The production of Samarkand paper in the VIII century is hidden, the unsurpassed Khorezm pottery of the III century, the Uighur script of which was also owned by the inhabitants of Bulgaria. This explains the bilingualism on the ancient coins of Russia and their abundance in excavations, only they are called Kufic.

N. I. Veselovsky, examining the issue of trade between ancient Russia and Khorezm in his book: "An Outline of Historical and Geographical Information about the Khiva Khanate from Ancient Times to the Present" (St. Petersburg, 1877), asserts, among other things, that:

“… in our chronicles we find information that the Monk Nestor bought paper for his manuscript from the Kharyassk, that is, the Kharezm merchant” (pp. 31-32) and at the same time refers to the same passage in Senkovsky's article.

But the news that the Turkic peoples appeared in Central Asia together with the "arrival" of the Mongols is a red line in all these Arab chronicles.

As part of the "army" of Genghis Khan, they settled here. And this territory is the "homeland" of the Turks.

The links of the same chain and the emergence of provocative slogans in the information space: “we must blame” … This is what lies in history, which are the most criminal and most harmful, lead to. It is criminal, for it is undoubtedly conscious and cannot be a mistake, as in gnosis.

Hardly any of the readers thought that the information blockade about the historical past of their ancestors deprives him of his homeland and land.

Part of this lie descends on Russia as well, where “the path from the Varangians to the Greeks” is already in official history.

This lie is especially harmful, because it is irreparable, in contrast, for example, to mathematics and other deductive sciences, where everyone can correct the mistake made by a simple check.

Let's return to the Khorasms - this is how the ancient Scythian people of Sogdiana were called in the old books, along the banks of the Oxus, for the social and political life of this people led to the death of the state of Khorezm due to the destruction of the dam on the Amu Darya.

Ibn Batuta described Khorezm as follows:

“The main sect here is the Kadarites, but they hide their heresy, for the Sultan Uzbek is according to the Sunni faith.

There are melons in Khovarezm, with which, except for Bukhara, nothing can be compared; they are better than the Ispagan ones; their roots are green, and the inside is red. They are cut into pieces, dried like figs and sent to India and China, where they are considered the greatest delicacy."

(The Kadarits, in contrast to the supporters of absolute Divine predetermination (Jabrit), adhered to the opposite views. According to the Kadarites, a person is absolutely free in his thoughts and actions, and God does not take part in this. Allah knows about the commission of this or that deed only after its commission. Thus, they were supporters of the absolute freedom of man).

The historians of Alexander the Great show that Khorezm was not part of the empire of Darius and the subsequent Persian empire, but politically it was one with the southeast of present-day European Russia.

The Khorezmian historian and astronomer Biruni claims that the Khorezmians had an era 980 years older than the era of Alexander (Seleucid), i.e. starting from 1292 BC

Rolinston rightly considers this era "rather astronomical than political", Zachau agrees with this opinion, explaining this and other Khorezm era (from 1200 BC with the arrival of the mythical Siyavush in Khorezm) on the basis of legends and cosmogonic ideas followers of Zoroaster.

Suffice it to say that Khorezm had its own "nauruz", celebrated three weeks earlier than Bukhara, and only in 1827 Khan Alla-Kul canceled this custom.

Jenkinson described a visit to the Sultan of Mangishlak in his trip to Samarkand:

“With him was the great Christian Metropolitan of this wild country, as respected here as the Roman bishop in most of Europe, and other most important of his dignitaries: The Sultan and the Metropolitan asked me a lot both about our kingdom, laws and religion, and about the reasons my coming here …

In his monograph, in 1946, the Soviet archaeologist and researcher of the peoples of Central Asia S. P. Tolstov3 shows a close connection between ancient Khorezm and the southeast of Russia: the Doros metropolitanate (the Gothic diocese of Byzantium) in Korsun, where Prince Vladimir was baptized, had episcopal chairs:

1 - Khotsirskaya (Karasubazar), 2 - Astelskaya (Itil), 3 - Khvalisskaya (Khorezm), 4 - Onogurskaya (Kuban region), 5 - Reterskaya (Terek? Tarki?), 6 - Hunnskaya (Varachan, Semender), 7 - Tamatakhrskaya (Taman)

Throughout its history, Central Asia has been united by inextricable, strong ties with adjacent regions of Europe.

And at a time when the religious border of the areas of domination of early Islam and Christianity still did not complicate (it, however, only made it difficult, but never cut off!) Cultural communication, and by the end of this period, our plot belongs to the history of the formation of this religious border, - these connections were even deeper, even stronger than in the mature Middle Ages.

And it will not be a paradox if we say that before the VIII-IX centuries. Central Asia (in any case, its north and west) and a significant part of Eastern Europe were only parts of one vast historical and ethnographic region, which developed the traditions of the ancient Scythian-Sarmatian culture, saturated

influences of Eastern Hellenism.

The Christian companions of the Arian and Nestorian teachings passed through the entire space of Russia and Central Asia, who left the Sogdian, Uyghur writing, brought the metropolises and churches.

The influence of the Khorezm statehood on the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was colossal, it is enough to recall the movement of the Serbedars in Samarkand in 1337.

After the suppression of the popular movement, who came to power by Timur with the help (?), The whole life of Central Asia and eastern Turkestan comes to a standstill until the 19th century.

The religious reaction, headed by … Sheikh Khoja Akhrar, casts a dark shadow on all aspects of the spiritual life of the country.

But this entire vast territory was "subject" to the Ottoman Empire4 and closed to Europeans. The appearance there of frangi (the contemptuous nickname of the Europeans) threatened them with painful death.

Before Vambery, two Englishmen who entered Bukhara were publicly executed after torture in the emir's dungeons, and their heads were exposed for public viewing.

Only "holy pilgrims" - dervishes could freely move around the cities of Central Asia. Feudal-theocratic country under the general name "Central Asia", described in detail by the traveler Vambery.

The famous painting by the artist V. Vereshchagin "The Apotheosis of War" (by the way, painted in Samarkand) with a pyramid of skulls in the center may well serve as an illustration of those customs.

Religious fanatics pursue any enlightenment, they kill the last scientist - Uluk-Bek. Dulati leaves her homeland from religious persecution and leaves for India.

With the establishment of a strong tsarist system in Russia under Peter I, the ruler of Khiva, the only state in Central Asia, sent a letter to Peter in 1706:

With a request that the Great Sovereign would accept him and all his subjects as citizenship. It was here that religious fanaticism broke out, a rumor was spread that the arrival of Russians in Uzboy would deprive them of their faith.

And, having killed the ruler, they destroyed the dams feeding the channel of the Uzboy through the canals, by this, millions of inhabitants were sentenced to death by starvation, and their descendants were driven out on the "warpath" - to rob caravans.

It is not the facts that govern the "historians"; it is the historians that govern and operate with the facts, limiting the scope of attention. For almost three centuries Russia did not know the name of its "enslavers".

None of the Russian ancient chronicles and documents of chroniclers that we have inherited contains this name - "Mongol".

Three centuries later, as if on command, numerous chronicles of imaginary campaigns and conquests appeared, where all these myths acquired the name of the conquerors - the Mongols and the "hero" of whom even the Mongols themselves did not even suspect his existence.

Modern reactionary historiography mobilizes great forces to defend this idea, which is completely contrary to historical reality.

This science denies the peoples of Central Asia the right to historical independence, creativity, and an original culture. She depicts these peoples only as a passive object of all kinds of conquests, and Central Asian culture as only a cast, a copy of Turkish, Arab or a cast of Chinese culture.

Did you know that the papal secret archive in the Vatican is the largest collection of documents collected from all countries and includes not only spiritual literature, but also secular documents of destroyed and devastated states.

The name is not associated with closed access to the archive, lat. "Seсretus" means "detached, aloof."

The total length of archival cabinets and racks is 90 km. This is where our history is stored …

S. F. Oldenburg repeatedly emphasized that Western European scientists in Central Asia did not carry out real excavations, but took what was on the surface, cut frescoes, dismantled sculptures and architectural elements, did not draw up plans for caves and temples, and hunted mainly for manuscripts.

There was an obvious pursuit of the cover-up of history. And the papal legates were busy collecting documents.

Australian journalist David Adams, studying ancient evidence, photojournalist creates his own version of the story of Jason and the Argonauts.

He shot the documentary "The Lost World of Alexander the Great", where he reveals the old channel of Uzboy, footage of the ruins of an ancient civilization. (after 20 minutes the channel is shown).

Notes:

1. Large kime, which has up to 12 sazhens in length (21m.) And 2 sazhens in width (3.5 m), lifts up to 2,000 - 4,000 poods of cargo, medium, up to 6 - 8 sazhens. lengths at 1 - 1, 5 fathoms of width, can lift from 200 to 1,000 poods.

Bars of willow wood are used for construction, tied with braces of mulberry or other hard wood, fore-posts and back-posts are usually made of elm. The seams are caulked with cotton wool, rags and reed fluff, but will not tarry; nevertheless, the new kime usually does not leak; draft kime with a load up to 17 vershoks (76 cm), without a load about (5 vershoks (25 cm).

The service life of a long-range kim is 4-5 years. Swimming downward is accomplished by an influx with the help of oars, moreover, on a large kim there are up to 8 oarsmen and a helmsman (darga), who is well acquainted with the river.

2. In our age of high speeds and an abundance of vehicles, we do not notice the distance. The horse, about which all the chronicles write, a means of transportation for troops, requires not only food, but also good rest. Suffice it to recall d'Artagnan, the distance from Paris to Le Havre is 200 km. in a few days and this is in a temperate zone. And in the desert?

The record for a canter at a short distance is 70 km / h, the trot speed at a distance of 3 kilometers is 55 km / h. As the distance increases, the horse's speed decreases and the average speed at really long distances does not exceed 20 km / h.

In Russia, Yamskie stations within 30-40 km, where horses were exchanged for fresh ones.

3. S. P. Tolstov -

4. Here is an extract from the agreement between Emperor Peter I and the Ottoman Shah, in the description of the shah's merits you will see your lands: (Old spelling)

In the name of the merciful God, whom he has mercy on all. The reason for composing this authentic letter and the necessary description of this legitimate instrument is as follows.

By the abundant communication of the indispensable Lord and Creator and the immortal Creator of free will, the Lord God, whose praise surpasses everything that is noble in the world, and by the grace of the servant of honest Mecca and the glorious Medyn, the protector of the holy city of Jerusalem, and other places;

Sultan of both earthly countries, King of both seas, strong ruler of Egypt, Abyssinian provinces, prosperous Arabia, land of Aden, African Caesaria, Tripoli, Tunisia, Cyprus island, Rodis, Crete and other White Sea islands;

The Emperor of Babylon and Bozitri, Laksa, Revan (Erivan), Karsh, Erzerum, Shegerezul, Mussul, Diarbekir, Cancer, Damascus, Aleppa, Sultan of Persitskago and Arabian Iraq, The King in Mesopotamia and Babylonia, the King of Kurdistan, Dagestan and Trebizond, the emperor of the province of Rome, Tsulhadra and Maras;

Lord of the Tatar, Circassian, Abasin, Crimean and Desti-Kapchat states;

The Emperor in the East and West of Natolia and Rumelia, the holder of the Imperial throne in Constantinople, Pruz and Adrianople; the main ruler of only many parts of the world and only many cities, the most glorious ruler and Sultan of all Sultans, King of all Kings, our most luminous, autocratic Emperor and Sovereign, all Muslims of refuge, Sultan of the heir to the Sultans, Sultan Mustafa Khan, the son of Sultan Mehmed, which may God continue to rule until the end of the world: between His Majesty and between the most praiseworthy of all the Most Serene Christian Sovereigns, the most chosen among Christian owners, etc. ….

5) Vambery:

6) Rebellion of the Serbedars