Ethereal wind and Einstein's hypocrisy

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

The article is devoted to the criticism of the experiments on which the theory of relativity is based. According to the author of this article, Ph. D. Ayutskovsky, after its publication in 1982 in the journal "Chemistry and Life" the journal itself was almost closed. The second part is devoted to the unclean figure of Einstein.

At the end of the last century, it seemed to scientists that it was enough to put only a few strokes on the existing physical picture of the world, and everything in nature would become finally clear and understandable. As you know, these complacent moods were dispelled by the experiments that led to the creation of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.

One of these decisive experiments is known as the Michelson-Morley experiment, and it consisted in an attempt to detect the motion of the Earth relative to a stationary "world ether" - a hypothetical medium that fills all space and serves as the material from which all particles of matter are built. The fact that the motion of the Earth relative to the "world ether" could not be detected forced Einstein to completely abandon any medium, relative to which the motion of bodies could be detected.

But did the Michelson-Morley experiment really give, as is now accepted unconditionally, a zero result? If you turn to the primary sources, you get the impression that everything is not as simple as it is usually described in physics textbooks. When it was not possible to detect the "etheric wind" in the first experiments, a theory was created to explain this phenomenon. But later, when similar experiments began to give results that were different from zero (why exactly, will be described below), they were no longer given importance, since they were not envisaged by the theory …

The purpose of the experiment, proposed and carried out by A. Michelson in the 80s of the last century, was to try to detect the displacement of the ether on the surface of the Earth. It was expected that the speed of the "ether wind" will be about 30 km / s, which corresponds to the speed of movement of the Earth around the Sun. Michelson used an interferometer he invented with perpendicular beams of light, but did not find the expected effect.

However, it is not entirely correct to consider the results of even the first experiments to be strictly zero. Describing the experiment in 1887, Michelson and his assistant E. Morley noted: “Considering only the Earth's orbital motion, observations have shown that the relative motion of the Earth and the ether is probably less than 1/6 of the Earth's orbital speed and certainly less than 1/4; this means less than 7.5 km / s”.

In the future, Michelson entrusted the experiments on detecting the "ether wind" to E. Morley and D. Miller, and then the work was continued by Miller alone.

In collaboration with E. Morley, D. Miller designed an interferometer four times more sensitive than the device used in the first experiments. The optical path of this interferometer was 65.3 m; speed of 30 km / s corresponded to a shift of 1, 4 interference fringes. As a result, in 1904 it was really reliably established that the observed ether drift speed is equal to zero.

However, let us read what the authors of the work wrote: “From all that has been said, it is clear that it is hopeless to try to solve the problem of the motion of the solar system from observations on the surface of the Earth. But the possibility is not excluded that even at a moderate altitude above sea level, on the top of some secluded mountain, for example, the relative movement can be noticed with the help of an apparatus like the one described in our experiments."

In 1905, Morley and Miller did indeed move the interferometer up a mountain near Lake Erie, about 250 m above sea level. This time the measurements gave a positive result: a displacement of the interference fringes was found, corresponding to the speed of the "ether wind" relative to the Earth's surface, equal to 3 km / s. In 1919, the device was placed at Mount Wilson Observatory, at an altitude of 1860 m above sea level; measurements carried out in 1920, 1924 and 1925, gave values for the "ether wind" speed, lying in the range of 8-10 km / s. It was also noticed that the speed of the "ether wind" depends both on the position of the device in space, and on the time of day and time of the year (see the figure on page 86).

In a 1925 message, D. Miller makes the following conclusion: “There is a certain displacement of the interference fringes, such as would be caused by the relative motion of the Earth in the ether at Mount Wilson at a speed of about 10 km / s, that is, about one third of the Earth's orbital speed … When comparing this result with previous observations in Cleveland, the thought of a partial entrainment of the ether, which decreases with height, suggests itself. It seems that the revision of the Cleveland observations from this point of view should show that they are in agreement with such assumptions, and lead to the conclusion that the Michelson-Morley experiment should not give a zero result in the exact sense of the word and, in all likelihood, never such a result. did not give."

It should be noted that Miller paid great attention to fine-tuning the device, clarifying the influence of various factors on its readings. Miller carried out a gigantic measurement work: in 1925 alone, the total number of revolutions of the interferometer was 4400, and the number of individual counts exceeded 100,000.

Summing up the results of these experiments, the following facts can be noted. First, the speed of the "ether wind" becomes nonzero with increasing altitude. Secondly, the speed of the "ether wind" depends on the direction in space and changes with time. Thirdly, the speed of the "ether wind" at an altitude of 250 m is only about 1/3 of the Earth's orbital speed, and its maximum is observed when the device is oriented not in the plane of the Earth's orbit, but in the direction of the star "zeta" of the constellation Draco, which is 26 ° from the Pole of the World.

After Miller published his data, other physicists conducted similar experiments, the results of which are presented in the table. Some authors, as follows from this table, received zero results, which cast a shadow on Miller's materials. However, it should be borne in mind that the absence of the "ethereal wind" was established either at sea level, or with the help of instruments with a much lower resolution.

In general, the authors, who did not confirm Miller's results, spent a minimum of time preparing and conducting experiments. If Miller worked continuously from 1887 to 1927, that is, he spent about 40 years (practically all his active creative life) on measuring the speed of the "ether wind", paying special attention to the purity of the experiment, then, for example, R. Kennedy spent on all the work, including design, manufacture of the device, its debugging, measurements, processing of results and their publication only … 1, 5 years. Practically the same is the case with other similar experiments.

Results of experiments on measuring the speed of the "ether wind"

Years	Authors	Height above sea level, m	Ether wind speed, km / s
1881	Michelson	0	<18
1887	Michelson, Morley	0	<7, 5
1904	Morley, Miller	0	~0
1905	Morley, Miller	250	~3
1921-1925	Miller	1860	~10
1926	Kennedy	1860	~0
1926	Picard, Stael	2500	<7
1927	Illingsworth	0	~1
1928- 1929	Michelson, Pease, Pearson	1860	~6

After the publication of Miller's works, a conference was held at the Mount Wilson Observatory on the measurements of the "ether wind" speed. This conference was attended by H. Lorentz, A. Michelson and many other leading physicists of that time. The conference participants recognized Miller's results as worthy of attention; the proceedings of the conference were published.

But few people know that after this conference Michelson again returned to experiments to detect the "ether wind"; he carried out this work together with F. Pease and F. Pearson. According to the results of these experiments, carried out in 1929, the speed of the "ether wind" is approximately 6 km / s. In the corresponding publication, the authors of the work note that the speed of the "ether wind" is approximately 1/50 of the speed of movement of the Earth in the Galaxy, equal to 300 km / s.

This note is highly significant. It says that initially Michelson tried to measure the orbital velocity of the Earth, completely losing sight of the fact that the Earth, together with the Sun, moves around the center of the Galaxy at a much higher speed; the fact that the Galaxy itself moves in space relative to other galaxies was not taken into account, and so on. Naturally, if all these movements are taken into account, then the relative changes in the orbital component will turn out to be insignificant.

And how should one relate to the fact that all positive results were obtained only at a considerable height?

If we assume that the "world ether" has the properties of a real gas (note that D. I. Mendeleev placed it in his periodic system to the left of hydrogen), then these results look completely natural. As established by the theory of the boundary layer, on the surface of a ball moving in a viscous liquid or gas, the relative velocity of displacement is zero. But with distance from the surface of the sphere, this speed increases, which was found in experiments on measuring the speed of the "ether wind".

Modern technology makes it possible, in principle, to significantly increase the accuracy of experiments on measuring the speed of light. However, the experiment carried out in 1958 at Columbia University (USA) turned out to be, unfortunately, incorrect. An attempt was made to measure the speed of the "ether wind" by detecting the difference in microwave frequencies of two masers oriented in opposite directions relative to the motion of the Earth. The measurement accuracy was very high, and therefore the zero result of the experiment was interpreted as the final judgment on the "world ether".

However, the authors completely lost sight of the fact that in receivers stationary relative to the radiation source, no changes in the signal frequency can occur at any speed of the "ether wind": in this case, only the phase that was not recorded at all can change. In addition to this, the measurements were carried out at sea level and therefore, according to preliminary data, they should have given a zero result even with the methodically correct setting of the experiment.

So, is it not worth remembering the experiments at Mount Wilson and trying to measure the speed of the "ether wind" once again, using the possibilities offered to researchers by modern technology? Indeed, now experiments of this kind can be performed not only on the tops of mountains, but also on airplanes and even on artificial satellites of the Earth. And what if such an experiment shows that at high altitude the speed of the "ether wind" is still not zero?

Atsukovsky V. A. The Mount Wilson Experiments: What Did the Aether Wind Search Really Deliver? // Chemistry and Life, No. 8 (August) 1982, pp. 85–87

See also: A prison for the mind. Who, how and why directed earthly science along the wrong path?

Ed.:

Einstein certainly knew about Miller's experiments that refuted his theory:

A. Einstein, in a letter to Edwin E. Slosson, July 8, 1925 (from a copy in the archives of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Einstein later recalled that Michelson “told me more than once that he didn’t like the theories that flowed from his work,” he also said that he was a little upset that his own work had spawned this “monster”.

Why was the figure of Einstein elevated in science? You can learn about this from the fragment of the article "Theory of the Universe and Objective Reality":

“Regardless of whether this theory is correct or not, it would be wrong to consider Albert Einstein the author of this theory. The thing is that A. Einstein, while working in the patent office, simply“borrowed”ideas from two scientists: mathematics and physics Jules Henri Poincaré and physicist GA Lorentz. These two scientists, for several years, worked together on the creation of this theory. It was A. Poincaré who put forward the postulate about the homogeneity of the Universe and the postulate about the speed of light. A. Einstein, working in the patent office, had access to their scientific works and decided to “stake out” the theory in his own name. He even preserved the name of GA Lorentz in “his” theories of relativity: theories are called "Lorentz Transformations", but, nevertheless, he does not specify what relation he himself (none) has to these formulas and does not mention the name of A. Poincaré at all, who put forward the postulates. ", Gave this theory his name.

The whole world knows that A. Einstein is a Nobel laureate, and everyone has no doubt that he received this prize for the creation of the Special and General Theories of Relativity. But this is not so. The scandal around this theory, although he was known in narrow scientific circles, did not allow the Nobel committee to issue him a prize for this theory. The solution was found very simple - A. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for … the discovery of the Second Law of the Photoelectric Effect, which was a special case of the First Law of the Photoelectric Effect.

But it is curious that the Russian physicist Stoletov Alexander Grigorievich (1830-1896), who discovered the photoelectric effect itself, did not receive a Nobel Prize or any other for this discovery, while A. Einstein was given it for “studying »A particular case of this law of physics. It turns out sheer nonsense, from any point of view. The only explanation for this is that someone really really wanted to make A. Einstein a Nobel laureate and was looking for any reason to do it.

The "genius" had to puff a little with the discovery of the Russian physicist A. G. Stoletova, “studying” the photoeffect and now … a new Nobel laureate was “born”. The Nobel Committee apparently considered that two Nobel Prizes for one discovery is too much and decided to issue only one … to the "genius scientist" A. Einstein! Is it really that “important”, for the First Law of the Photoelectric Effect or for the Second, a prize has been given. Most importantly, the prize for the discovery was awarded to the "genius" scientist A. Einstein. And the fact that the discovery itself was made by the Russian physicist A. G. Stoletov - these are "little things" that should not be paid attention to. The most important thing is that the "genius" scientist A. Einstein became a Nobel laureate. And now almost any person began to believe that A. Einstein received this award for "his" GREAT Special and General Theories of Relativity.

A logical question arises: why, someone very influential, so wanted to make A. Einstein a Nobel laureate and glorify him all over the world, as the greatest scientist of all times and peoples ?! There must be a reason for this !? And the reason for this was the terms of the deal between A. Einstein and those persons who made him a Nobel laureate. Apparently, A. Einstein really wanted to be a Nobel laureate and the greatest scientist of all times and peoples! Apparently, it was vitally important for these persons to direct the development of earthly civilization along the wrong path, which, ultimately, leads to environmental disaster … And A. Einstein agreedto become an instrument of this plan, but also made his own demands - to become a Nobel laureate. The deal was completed and the terms of the deal were fulfilled. In addition, the creation of the image of a genius of all times and peoples only enhanced the effect for the introduction of false ideas about the nature of the Universe into the masses.

It seems that it is necessary to take a different look at the meaning of the most famous photograph of A. Einstein, on which he shows everyone his tongue ?! The protruding tongue of the "greatest genius" takes on a slightly different meaning in view of the above. Which?! I think it's easy to guess. Unfortunately, plagiarism is not so rare in science and not only in physics. But, the point is not even the fact of plagiarism, but the fact that these ideas about the nature of the Universe are fundamentally erroneous and science, created on the postulate of the homogeneity of the Universe and the postulate of the speed of light, ultimately leads to a planetary ecological catastrophe."