Electric current as a spiral motion of the ether

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-07 16:23

The solution of electrical safety problems on the basis of only electronic (classical and quantum) models of electric current seems to be insufficient, if only because of such a well-known fact of the history of the development of electrical engineering that the entire world electrical industry was created many years before any mention of electrons appeared.

Fundamentally, practical electrical engineering has not changed until now, but remains at the level of advanced developments of the 19th century.

Therefore, it is quite obvious that it is necessary to return to the origins of the development of the electrical industry in order to determine the possibility of applying in our conditions the methodological knowledge base that formed the basis of modern electrical engineering.

The theoretical foundations of modern electrical engineering were developed by Faraday and Maxwell, whose works are closely related to the works of Ohm, Joule, Kirchhoff and other prominent scientists of the 19th century. For the entire physics of that period, the existence of the world environment was generally recognized - the ether filling the entire world space [3, 6].

Without going into the details of various theories of the ether of the 19th and previous centuries, we note that a sharply negative attitude towards the indicated world environment in theoretical physics arose immediately after the appearance at the beginning of the 20th century of Einstein's works on the theory of relativity, which played fatalrole in the development of science [I]:

In his work "The Principle of Relativity and Its Consequences" (1910), Einstein, analyzing the results of Fizeau's experiment, comes to the conclusion that partial entrainment of light by a moving fluid rejects the hypothesis of complete entrainment of the ether and two possibilities remain:

1. the ether is completely motionless, i.e. he does not take part in the movement of matter;
2. the ether is carried away by the moving matter, but it moves with a speed different from the speed of the matter.

The development of the second hypothesis requires the introduction of any assumptions regarding the connection between the ether and moving matter. The first possibility is very simple, and for its development on the basis of Maxwell's theory, no additional hypothesis is required, which could make the foundations of the theory more complex.

Pointing further that Lorentz's theory of a stationary aether was not confirmed by the results of Michelson's experiment and, thus, there is a contradiction, Einstein declares: "… you cannot create a satisfactory theory without abandoning the existence of some medium that fills all space."

From the above, it is clear that Einstein, for the sake of the "simplicity" of the theory, considered it possible to abandon the physical explanation of the fact of the contradiction of the conclusions following from these two experiments. The second possibility, noted by Einstein, was never developed by any of the famous physicists, although this very possibility does not require rejection of the medium - ether.

Let us consider what the indicated "simplification" of Einstein gave for electrical engineering, and in particular, for the theory of electric current.

It is officially recognized that the classical electronic theory was one of the preparatory stages in the creation of the theory of relativity. This theory, which appeared, like Einstein's theory at the beginning of the 19th century, studies the motion and interaction of discrete electric charges.

It should be noted that the model of electric current in the form of an electron gas, in which positive ions of the crystal lattice of the conductor are immersed, is still the main one in teaching the basics of electrical engineering both in school and university programs.

How real the simplification from the introduction of a discrete electric charge into circulation turned out to be (subject to the rejection of the world environment - ether), can be judged by the textbooks for physical specialties of universities, for example [6]:

" Electron. An electron is a material carrier of an elementary negative charge. It is usually assumed that the electron is a point structureless particle, i.e. the entire electric charge of an electron is concentrated at a point.

This idea is internally contradictory, since the energy of the electric field created by a point charge is infinite, and, therefore, the inert mass of a point charge must be infinite, which contradicts experiment, since an electron has a finite mass.

However, this contradiction has to be reconciled due to the absence of a more satisfactory and less contradictory view of the structure (or lack of structure) of the electron. The difficulty of an infinite self-mass is successfully overcome when calculating various effects using mass renormalization, the essence of which is as follows.

Let it be required to calculate some effect, and the calculation includes an infinite self-mass. The value obtained as a result of such a calculation is infinite and, therefore, devoid of direct physical meaning.

To obtain a physically reasonable result, another calculation is carried out, in which all factors are present, with the exception of the factors of the phenomenon under consideration. The last calculation also includes an infinite self-mass, and it leads to an infinite result.

Subtraction from the first infinite result of the second leads to a mutual cancellation of infinite quantities associated with its own mass, and the remaining quantity is finite. It characterizes the phenomenon under consideration.

In this way, it is possible to get rid of the infinite self-mass and obtain physically reasonable results, which are confirmed by experiment. This technique is used, for example, when calculating the energy of an electric field."

In other words, modern theoretical physics proposes not to subject the model itself to critical analysis if the result of its calculation results in a value devoid of direct physical meaning, but after making a repeated calculation, after obtaining a new value, which is also devoid of direct physical meaning, mutually canceling these inconvenient values, to obtain physically reasonable results that are confirmed by experiment.

As noted in [6], the classical theory of electrical conductivity is very clear and gives the correct dependence of the current density and the amount of heat released on the field strength. However, it does not lead to correct quantitative results. The main discrepancies between theory and experiment are as follows.

According to this theory, the value of electrical conductivity is directly proportional to the product of the square of the electron charge by the concentration of electrons and by the mean free path of electrons between collisions, and inversely proportional to the double product of the electron mass by its mean velocity. But:

1) in order to obtain the correct values of the electrical conductivity in this way, it is necessary to take the value of the mean free path between collisions thousands of times greater than the interatomic distances in the conductor. It is difficult to understand the possibility of such large free runs within the framework of classical concepts;

2) an experiment for the temperature dependence of the conductivity leads to an inversely proportional dependence of these quantities.

But, according to the kinetic theory of gases, the average velocity of an electron should be directly proportional to the square root of the temperature, but it is impossible to admit an inversely proportional dependence of the average mean free path between collisions on the square root of temperature in the classical picture of interaction;

3) according to the theorem on the equipartition of energy over the degrees of freedom, one should expect from free electrons a very large contribution to the heat capacity of conductors, which is not observed experimentally.

Thus, the presented provisions of the official educational publication already provide a basis for a critical analysis of the very formulation of the consideration of electric current as motion and interaction of precisely discrete electric charges, provided that the world environment - ether - is abandoned.

But as already noted, this model is still the main one in school and university educational programs. In order to somehow substantiate the viability of the electronic current model, theoretical physicists proposed a quantum interpretation of electrical conductivity [6]:

“Only quantum theory has made it possible to overcome the indicated difficulties of classical concepts. Quantum theory takes into account the wave properties of microparticles. The most important characteristic of wave motion is the ability of waves to bend around obstacles due to diffraction.

As a result of this, during their motion, the electrons seem to bend around the atoms without collisions, and their free paths can be very large. Due to the fact that electrons obey the Fermi - Dirac statistics, only a small fraction of electrons near the Fermi level can participate in the formation of the electronic heat capacity.

Therefore, the electronic heat capacity of the conductor is completely negligible. The solution of the quantum-mechanical problem of the motion of an electron in a metal conductor leads to an inversely proportional dependence of the specific electrical conductivity on temperature, as is actually observed.

Thus, a consistent quantitative theory of electrical conductivity was built only within the framework of quantum mechanics.”

If we admit the legitimacy of the last statement, then we should recognize the enviable intuition of scientists of the 19th century, who, not being armed with a perfect quantum theory of electrical conductivity, managed to create the foundations of electrical engineering, which are not fundamentally outdated today.

But at the same time, like a hundred years ago, many questions remained unresolved (not to mention those that accumulated in the XX century).

And even the theory of quanta does not give unambiguous answers to at least some of them, for example:

1. How does the current flow: over the surface or through the entire cross-section of the conductor?
2. Why are electrons in metals, and ions in electrolytes? Why does not there exist a single model of electric current for metals and liquids, and are not the currently accepted models only a consequence of a deeper common process for all local movement of matter, called "electricity"?
3. What is the mechanism of the manifestation of the magnetic field, which is expressed in the perpendicular orientation of the sensitive magnetic needle relative to the conductor with current?
4. Is there a model of electric current, different from the currently accepted model of the motion of "free electrons", explaining the close correlation of thermal and electrical conductivity in metals?
5. If the product of the current strength (amperes) and voltage (volts), that is, the product of two electrical quantities, results in a power value (watts), which is a derivative of the visual system of units of measurement "kilogram - meter - second", then why the electrical quantities themselves are not expressed in terms of kilograms, meters and seconds?

In search of answers to the questions posed and a number of other questions, it was necessary to turn to the few surviving primary sources.

As a result of this search, some tendencies in the development of the science of electricity in the 19th century were identified, which, for some unknown reason, were not only not discussed in the 20th century, but sometimes even falsified.

So, for example, in 1908 in the book by Lacour and Appel "Historical Physics" a translation of the circular of the founder of electromagnetism Hans-Christian Oersted "Experiments on the action of an electric conflict on a magnetic needle" is presented, which, in particular, says:

The fact that the electrical conflict is not limited only to the conducting wire, but, as said, still spreads quite far in the surrounding space, is quite evident from the above observations.

From the observations made it can also be concluded that this conflict is spreading in circles; for without this assumption it is difficult to understand how the same part of the connecting wire, being under the pole of the magnetic arrow, makes the arrow turn to the east, while being above the pole, it deflects the arrow to the west, while circular motion occurs at opposite ends of the diameter in opposite directions …

In addition, one must think that the circular motion, in connection with the translational movement along the conductor, should give a cochlear line or spiral; this, however, if I am not mistaken, adds nothing to the explanation of the phenomena observed so far."

In the book of the historian of physics L. D. Belkind, dedicated to Ampere, it is indicated that "a new and more perfect translation of Oersted's circular is given in the book: A.-M. Ampere. Electrodynamics. M., 1954, pp. 433-439.". For comparison, we present the final part of exactly the same excerpt from the translation of Oersted's circular:

"Rotational movement around an axis, combined with translational movement along this axis, necessarily gives a helical movement. However, if I am not mistaken, such a helical movement is apparently not necessary to explain any of the phenomena observed so far."

Why the expression - "adds nothing to the explanation" (that is, "is self-evident") was replaced by the expression - "is not necessary for the explanation" (to the exact opposite meaning) remains a mystery to this day.

In all likelihood, the study of numerous works by Oersted is accurate and their translation into Russian is a matter of the near future.

"Ether and Electricity" - this is how the outstanding Russian physicist A. G. Stoletov titled his speech, read in 1889 at the general meeting of the VIII Congress of Naturalists of Russia. This report has been published in numerous editions, which in itself characterizes its importance. Let us turn to some of the provisions of A. G. Stoletov's speech:

“The closing“conductor”is essential, but its role is different than previously thought.

The conductor is needed as an absorber of electromagnetic energy: without it, an electrostatic state would be established; by his presence, he does not allow such a balance to be realized; constantly absorbing energy and processing it into another form, the conductor causes a new activity of the source (battery) and maintains that constant influx of electromagnetic energy, which we call "current".

On the other hand, it is true that the "conductor", so to speak, directs and collects the paths of energy that predominantly slides along its surface, and in this sense it partly lives up to its traditional name.

The role of the wire is somewhat reminiscent of the wick of a burning lamp: a wick is necessary, but a combustible supply, a supply of chemical energy, is not in it, but near it; becoming a place of destruction of a combustible substance, the lamp draws in a new one to replace and maintains a continuous and gradual transition of chemical energy into thermal energy …

For all the triumphs of science and practice, the mystical word "electricity" has been a reproach to us for too long. It's time to get rid of it - it's time to explain this word, to introduce it into a series of clear mechanical concepts. The traditional term may remain, but let it be … a clear slogan of the vast department of world mechanics. The end of the century is rapidly bringing us closer to this goal.

The word "ether" is already helping the word "electricity" and will soon make it redundant."

Another well-known Russian experimental physicist I. I. Borgman in his work "A jet-like electric glow in rarefied gases" noted that extremely beautiful and interesting glow are obtained inside an evacuated glass tube near a thin platinum wire located along the axis of this tube, when this the wire is connected to one pole of the Rumkorff coil, the other pole of the latter being retracted into the ground, and in addition, a side branch with a spark gap in it is introduced between both poles.

In the conclusion of this work, I. I. Borgman writes that the glow in the form of a helical line turns out to be much more calm when the spark gap in the branch parallel to the Rumkorf coil is very small and when the second pole of the coil is not connected to ground.

For some unknown reason, the presented works of famous physicists of the pre-Einstein era were actually consigned to oblivion. In the overwhelming majority of textbooks on physics, the name of Oersted is mentioned in two lines, which often indicate the accidental discovery of electromagnetic interaction by him (although in the early works of the historian of physics B. I.

Many works by A. G. Stoletov and I. I. Borgman also undeservedly remain out of sight of all who study physics and, in particular, theoretical electrical engineering.

At the same time, the model of electric current in the form of a spiral-like movement of ether on the surface of a conductor is a direct consequence of the poorly studied works presented and works of other authors, the fate of which was predetermined by the global advance in the XX century of Einstein's theory of relativity and related electronic theories of displacement of discrete charges in an absolutely empty space. space.

As already indicated, Einstein's "simplification" in the theory of electric current gave the opposite result. To what extent does the helical model of electric current provide answers to the questions posed earlier?

The question of how the current flows: over the surface or through the entire section of the conductor is decided by definition. Electric current is a spiral movement of ether along the surface of a conductor.

The question of the existence of charge carriers of two kinds (electrons - in metals, ions - in electrolytes) is also removed by the spiral model of the electric current.

An obvious explanation for this is the observation of the sequence of gas evolution on duralumin (or iron) electrodes during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. Moreover, the electrodes should be located upside down. Tellingly, the question of the sequence of gas evolution during electrolysis has never been raised in the scientific literature on electrochemistry.

Meanwhile, with the naked eye, sequential (and not simultaneous) gas release from the surface of the electrodes is observed, which has the following stages:

- the release of oxygen and chlorine directly from the end of the cathode;

- the subsequent release of the same gases along the entire cathode together with item 1; in the first two stages, hydrogen evolution is not observed at all at the anode;

- hydrogen evolution only from the end of the anode with the continuation of items 1, 2;

- evolution of gases from all surfaces of the electrodes.

When the electrical circuit is opened, gas evolution (electrolysis) continues, gradually dying out. When the free ends of the wires are connected to each other, the intensity of the damped gas emissions, as it were, goes from the cathode to the anode; the intensity of hydrogen evolution gradually increases, and oxygen and chlorine - decreases.

From the point of view of the proposed model of electric current, the observed effects are explained as follows.

Due to the constant rotation of the closed ether spiral in one direction along the entire cathode, solution molecules that have the opposite direction of rotation with the spiral (in this case, oxygen and chlorine) are attracted, and molecules that have the same direction of rotation with the spiral are repelled.

A similar mechanism of connection - repulsion is considered, in particular, in work [2]. But since the ether spiral has a closed character, then on the other electrode its rotation will have the opposite direction, which already leads to the deposition of sodium on this electrode and the release of hydrogen.

All observed time delays in gas evolution are explained by the final speed of the ether spiral from electrode to electrode and the presence of the necessary process of "sorting" of solution molecules located chaotically in the immediate vicinity of the electrodes at the moment of switching on the electric circuit.

When the electric circuit is closed, the spiral on the electrode acts as a driving gear, concentrating around itself the corresponding driven "gears" of the solution molecules, which have the direction of rotation opposite to the spiral. When the chain is open, the role of the driving gear is partially transferred to the molecules of the solution, and the gas evolution process is smoothly damped.

It is not possible to explain the continuation of electrolysis with an open electric circuit from the standpoint of the electronic theory. The redistribution of the intensity of gas evolution at the electrodes when connecting the free ends of the wires to each other in a closed system of the etheric spiral fully corresponds to the law of conservation of momentum and only confirms the previously presented provisions.

Thus, not ions in solutions are charge carriers of the second kind, but the movement of molecules during electrolysis is a consequence of their direction of rotation relative to the direction of rotation of the ether spiral on the electrodes.

The third question was raised about the mechanism of the manifestation of the magnetic field, which is expressed in the perpendicular orientation of the sensitive magnetic needle relative to the conductor with current.

It is obvious that the spiral movement of the ether in the etheric medium produces a disturbance of this medium, almost perpendicularly directed (rotational component of the spiral) to the forward direction of the spiral, which orientates the sensitive magnetic arrow perpendicular to the conductor with current.

Even Oersted noted in his treatise: “If you place a connecting wire above or below the arrow perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic meridian, then the arrow remains at rest, except for the case when the wire is close to the pole. But in this case, the pole rises if the origin current is located on the western side of the wire, and falls if it is on the eastern side."

As for the heating of conductors under the influence of an electric current and the specific electrical resistance directly related to it, the spiral model allows us to clearly illustrate the answer to this question: the more spiral turns per unit length of the conductor, the more ether needs to be “pumped” through this conductor., that is, the higher the specific electrical resistance and heating temperature, which, in particular, also allows considering any thermal phenomena as a consequence of changes in local concentrations of the same ether.

From all of the above, a visual physical interpretation of the known electrical quantities is as follows.

• Is the ratio of the mass of the etheric spiral to the length of the given conductor. Then, according to Ohm's law:
• Is the ratio of the mass of the etheric spiral to the cross-sectional area of the conductor. Since resistance is the ratio of voltage to current strength, and the product of voltage and current strength can be interpreted as the power of the ether flow (on a section of the circuit), then:
• - This is the product of the power of the ether stream by the density of the ether in the conductor and the length of the conductor.
• - this is the ratio of the power of the ether stream to the product of the ether density in the conductor by the length of the given conductor.

Other known electrical quantities are defined similarly.

In conclusion, it is necessary to point out the urgent need to set up three types of experiments:

1) observation of conductors with current under a microscope (continuation and development of experiments by I. I. Borgman);

2) establishing, using modern high-precision goniometers, the actual angles of deflection of the magnetic needle for conductors made of various metals with an accuracy of fractions of a second; there is every reason to believe that for metals with a lower specific electrical resistance, the magnetic needle will deviate to a greater extent from the perpendicular;

3) comparison of the mass of a conductor with current with the mass of the same conductor without current; the Bifeld - Brown effect [5] indicates that the mass of the current carrying conductor must be greater.

In general, the spiral motion of the ether as a model of electric current allows one to come closer to explaining not only such purely electrical phenomena as, for example, the "superconductivity" of engineer Avramenko [4], who repeated a number of experiments of the famous Nikola Tesla, but also such obscure processes as the biolocation effect, human bioenergy and a number of others.

A visual spiral-shaped model can play a special role in the study of life-threatening processes of electric shock to a person.

The time of Einstein's “simplifications” has passed. The era of the study of the world gaseous medium - ETHER is coming

LITERATURE:

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4. Zaev N. E. "Superconductor" of engineer Avramenko.. - Technology of youth, 1991, №1, P.3-4.
5. Kuzovkin A. S., Nepomnyashchy N. M. What happened to the destroyer Eldridge. - M., Knowledge, 1991.-- 67p. (37, 38, 39).
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