Tsarist Russia - Unknown Empire

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

Tsarist Russia in the 16th - 18th centuries was a great Empire, surpassing all other countries in its wealth and power.

In 1719 Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov was sent to London to get acquainted with English technique and to invite English masters. From London, the Nartov wrote to the Tsar that there were no masters in England who could surpass the Russian masters

Nartov also visited Paris. There he shared some secrets of turning with the Duke of Orleans, who considered himself an amateur turner, but he was not going to fully disclose all the secrets.

Back in the 17th century, all over the world, except Russia, while working on a lathe, the master held a chisel in his hand, leading it to a rotating object being processed. In order for the turner's hand not to get tired and not tremble, a handyman was arranged on the machine bed. In Russia, there was a very important unit in the design of machine tools - a movable support with a cutter attached to it.

This fact once again reminds us of the distortion of our history by foreigners.

In "Literaturnaya Gazeta" No. 142 (3015) from 25 November. 1952, there was a message about being in the GPB im. ME Saltykov-Shchedrin in Leningrad of a manuscript book by A. K. Nartov entitled "Theatrum mechanrum or a clear sight of the colossus." The book was written in 1755. It contains a description of 26 original designs of metalworking machines. The book tells about the creation of a mechanical caliper.

Under Peter I, the factories already used a cylindrical-bevel gear in the work of mechanisms. In the USA it was patented only two hundred and twenty years later!

Pocket William in his work on the history of weapons wrote:

"It is said that August Cotter or Cater of Nuremberg made rifled barrels as early as 1520, but since one of the Paris museums contains rifled guns from 1616 bearing the same name, it is possible that there was some misunderstanding in this matter."

[Pocket William. The History of Firearms: From Ancient Times to the 20th Century. A History of Firearms: From Earliest Times to 1914. Centropolygraph, 2006].

Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov

The cannons cast by A. Chokhov were used during the Northern War of 1700-1721, as they were very durable [A. Volkov, Russian artillery (late 15th-first half of the 17th centuries), electronic version]. Russian gunsmiths were the first in the world to apply spiral rifling to the inner barrel of a cannon. The pishchal of 1615 with ten grooves has survived to this day, but, apparently, rifled guns began to be made in Russia already in the 16th century.

In Western Europe, rifled cannons appeared only at the end of the 17th century. In 1880, the German gunsmith F. Krupp conceived to patent the wedge breech that he invented, however, seeing in the Artillery Museum of St. several centuries

Nartov's cannon

In the French Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1777 (volume 1) in the article "Artillery" it is said that muskets were invented by the Muscovites (P. 129, penultimate paragraph):

Les Moscovites ont invente le mousquet: les Arabes la carabine;, les Italiens de Pistoie en Toscane le Pistolet, & depuis 1630, sous Louis XIII, les Francois ont invente le fusil, qui est le dernier effort de l'artillerie.

Read the penultimate paragraph

BLACK TRANSLATION:

Muscovites invented the musket, the Arabs invented the carbine, the Italians in the pistol, the Tuscans in the pistol, and after 1630, during the reign of Louis XIII, the French invented the fusea, which is the last achievement of artillery.

English admiral and naval historian Fred Thomas Jane wrote:

“The Russian fleet, which is considered a relatively late institution founded by Peter the Great, actually has more rights to antiquity than the British fleet. A century before Alfred the Great, who reigned from 870 to 901, built British ships, Russian ships fought in sea battles. The first sailors of their time were they - Russians."

Novgorodians and Pomors built their excellent ships that took part in military operations. So, when the Novgorod troops liberated the Oreshek fortress in 1349, ships with guns were used.

The main flow of goods in Russia passed along the Volga. It was along this road that goods from the East went. It was down the Volga that goods from the West were transported to Persia. The one who controlled the trade on the Volga ruled the whole world. Russia had the most powerful river fleet.

"Soon you will see forty (ships) and no worse than these (twenty)."

This is an excerpt from the book "Notes on Russia" by the Englishman Jerome Horsey (Jerome Horsey, Notes on Russia. 16th - early 17th century. M, from two Moscow State University, 1990. p. 44). Gorsei's Notes are one of the most authoritative sources of knowledge about the Muscovy of the 16th century. Jerome Horsey was an agent of an English trading company, he knew Russia very well.

The Russian navy was mentioned in 1559. The Tsar's steward Daniil Adashev, under whose command there was an eight-thousandth expeditionary force, built ships at the mouth of the Dnieper and went out to the Russian Sea. Emiddio Dortelli D'Ascoli, who coordinated the activities of slave traders on the outskirts of Russia, writes about the Russian frigates:

“They are oblong, like our frigates, they can hold 50 people, they can row and sail. The Black Sea has always been angry, now it is even blacker and more terrible in connection with the Muscovites …"

The Black Sea navy under the command of Adashev gave battle to the Turkish flotilla. About a dozen Turkish ships were burned, two ships were captured. Further pitiful attempts by the Turkish fleet to defeat our fleet did not bring any success. The Crimean Khanate, it seemed, was living out its last days: the Russians for three weeks devastated the Karaite settlements, which brought considerable income to the Sultan's treasury.

The Baltic navy also managed to prove itself quite well. In 1656The tsar moved to liberate the entire Baltic coast from the Swede. Patriarch Nikon blessed the "naval commander, voivode Pyotr Potemkin" "to go beyond the Sveisky border, to the Varangian Sea, to Stekolna and beyond" (to London? - author).

The corps of midshipmen numbered 1,570 people. On July 22, 1656, the "sea voivode" Potemkin undertook a military expedition. He went to the island of Kotlin, where he found the Swedes. He reported to the Tsar about the result of the naval battle: "They took the semi-robber and the Svei people were beaten, and the captain Irek Dalsfir, and the outfit, and the banners were taken, and on Kotlin Island the Latvian villages were carved and burned." He left no mentions of Estonians … Do you not guess why?

During the Russian-Turkish war 1672-1681. a squadron under the command of Grigory Kosagov entered the sea. The ships for this "sea voivode" were built by the Russian design Yakov Poluektov. The French envoy at the court of Sultan Magomed IV wrote about this squadron: "For his Majesty (Sultan), several Muscovite ships that have appeared near Istanbul produce more fear than a plague epidemic." So, we see that Russia had a fleet from time immemorial. So why is Tsar Peter I still considered the creator of the Russian fleet?

Western Europeans admired the greatness of both Russia itself and its Tsars

Thus, the British ambassador K. Adams wrote: “Entering the audience hall, the British were blinded by the splendor that surrounded the Emperor. He sat on an exalted throne, wearing a golden diadem and rich porphyry that burned with gold; in his right hand he had a golden scepter, showered with precious stones; his face shone with majesty worthy of an Emperor”[Clement Adams. The first trip of the British to Russia in 1553 // Journal of the Ministry of Public Education. No. 10. 1838].

Patrick Gordon reports: "I am in the service of the Emperor" [Patrick Gordon. Diary 1677-1678. - M.: Nauka, 2005].

In the preface to the London edition of 1671 of Samuel Collins's book it is written: “In Russia, he held an honorary position under the Great Emperour for nine years” [Samuel Collins. Preface to the London edition of The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London, Written by an Eminent Person residing at the Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years. Illustrated with many Copper Plates. London, Printed by John Winter for Dorman Newman at the Kings Arms in the Poultry. A. D. 1671].

In the book of Gils Fletcher "Of the Russe Common Wealth" ("On the Russian State"), published in London in 1591, it is indicated that the title of the Russian Tsar contains the words "King of the whole world". In the treaty between Basil III and the ruler of Vienna, Maximilian of 1514, the first one was called "Caesar by the grace of God", that is, the Emperor.

Other "Caesars" of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin pope, as well as the kings of Spain, France, Denmark, England [Russian vivliofika. Part 4. - M.: Comp. Typograficheskaya, 1788. - P. 64] Peter I knew about this treaty and ordered to publish it in 1718 …

In the article list of the embassy of the clerk Vladimir Plemyannikov, sent by Tsar Vasily Ivanovich to the "Tsar" Maximilian (Ivan the Terrible was not the first Russian Tsar), it is indicated that the "Tsar" considered himself a vassal of the Tsar - Emperor of the world: "Caesar to the Grand Duke named after a cap filmed "[Russian vivliofika. Part 4. - S. 2].

The Russian Tsar would never have done something like this when mentioning the rulers of countries …

Ivan Vasilievich did not consider the Swedish king Gustav Vasu equal to himself and wrote angrily to him: "If the king himself does not know, then let his merchants ask his merchants: Novgorod suburbs - Pskov, Ustyug, tea, they know how much each of them is more than Stekolny" [Soloviev S. M. Works. Book. III. - M., 1989. - S. 482]. So only the monarch could communicate with his vassals.

The article lists of the embassies sent by the Tsars say that Russian ambassadors always stood in front of the kings and the "tsar" in headdresses, and the rulers of the countries received the ambassadors of Russia standing

So, on February 27, the embassy of P. P. Potemkin 1667-1668. arrived in Madrid and on March 7 was received by the 7-year-old king and his mother Queen Maria Anne of Austria. During the audience, the king stood bareheaded, but then put on a headdress. While pronouncing the titles of the Tsar, the king did not take off his headdress and forgot to ask Potemkin about the Tsar's health, which caused a scandal. Potemkin interrupted the reading of the letter and threatened to leave Madrid: "Steward Peter spoke a speech on the order that the king did not take off his hat against our Sovereign, His Imperial Majesty, and did not ask about the health of His Imperial Majesty." The butler Marquis de Aton managed to avoid the conflict: "The royal majesty is not in adulthood." The envoys decided to forgive the king and "inflict on the royal majesty and not as an example." The King was prompted to ask about the Tsar's health, after which “the royal majesty asked about the health of the Great Sovereign, and the Messengers spoke about this on the order” [Russian vivliofica. Part 4. - S. 190-191].

N. Karamzin in his "History of the Russian State" quotes the words of Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich: "I am not only the Prince, not only the Lord and Tsar, but also the great Emperor in his immeasurable possessions. This title was given to me by God … and do not all European monarchs call me Emperor? "[N. M. Karamzin. History of Russian Goverment. T. XI, Kaluga, 1994, Chapter No. 4].

The Russian Tsars knew that they were the rulers of the world. In the 17th century, Yuri Krizhanich formed the universal power of the Russian tsar: "There is not and cannot be a single person higher than the Tsar, and no dignity and greatness in the world is higher than the Tsar's dignity and greatness" [Krizhanich Y. Politics / Edition M. N. Tikhomirov, translation by A. L. Goldberg. M., 1965].

In the "Charter of Tsar Mikhail Kedorovich to the Kakhetian Tsar Teimuraz I" it says: "And the great Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of all Russia was taken by the Tsar Leonty for the defense of the Orthodox Tsar Leonty for the defense of the Orthodox Tsar, Tsar Alexander vѣry"

The dynasty of the Tsars of Russia was the property of mankind, a sign of God's favor in relation to people.

When the firstborn was born to the Tsar, he was given the name of his grandfather. The Tsar's second son was named after his father. The third son of the Tsar was given the name of his great-grandfather at baptism. The fourth son of the King had the same name as his great-uncle. The fifth son of the King was named the same. like his great-great-grandfather. The sixth royal son was named after one of his distant ancestors. A similar order of naming of names is traced among all princes, however, it is necessary to take into account the fact that many children died in infancy. Tsar's children were often killed by enemies of the royal family. It should also be admitted that the names of many princes were tried to be erased by the falsifiers of history from the annals of history.

So, the firstborn of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya was Tsarevich Mikhail, named after his grandfather. He was supposed to be born in October 1648, since the wedding took place on January 16 of the same year. This is indirectly confirmed by historical sources, according to which the former tutor of the Tsar, boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, who was in exile for abuses in printing copper money, was forgiven in October 1648, apparently in connection with the birth of the Tsarevich. On October 29, 1648, boyar Boris Morozov is present in Moscow at a dinner held, apparently, after the sacrament of the baptism of the firstborn was performed (Andreev I. Passion for d'Artagnan // Knowledge is power. - 1991. - No. 8. - S. 83-84).

Also, based on the order of naming the princes' names, it can be assumed that Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich had three sons who survived until the 17th century: Boris, Semyon and Mikhail. Semyon Fedorovich is mentioned in state acts of the Time of Troubles, but nowhere is he directly called a prince.

It is believed that Catherine II had two children: Paul - from Peter III, and Alexei - from Count Grigory Orlov. However, there was no marital relationship between Peter III and Catherine II, as evidenced by the letter from the Grand Duke to Catherine, dated December 1746:

Madame, I ask you that this night by no means bother yourself to sleep with me, since it is too late to deceive me, the bed has become too narrow, after two weeks of separation from you, this afternoon is your unfortunate husband, whom you have not deserved this name.

Peter.

Perhaps it should be assumed that Tsar Paul I is the son of Count Grigory Orlov?

Count Grigory Orlov himself is the son of a military and statesman of the Russian Empire, Novgorod governor, actual state councilor Grigory Ivanovich Orlov (born in 1695). Almost nothing is known about G. I. Orlov's father - allegedly as a "court solicitor" (he lived at the Court), but historians know the names of his sons:

Ivan (1733-1791)

Gregory (1734-1783)

Alexey (1737-1808)

Fedor (1741-1796)

Michael (b. 1742, died in infancy)

Vladimir (1743-1831)

Thanks to what merits G. I. Orlov became the governor of Novgorod - the governor of the patrimony of the Russian Tsars?

G. I. Orlov was born when Ivan V reigned, who, judging by the official version of history, had no sons. But after all, G. I. Orlov gave his sons names as if he were the son of Ivan V. Considering the fact that Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had the godfather name Grigory (Alexei is the throne name), it can be assumed that Grigory Ivanovich Orlov was the grandson of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Is it by chance that Grigory Grigorievich Orlov became the "favorite" of Catherine II?..