Expertise in Egyptian Technology

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

We bring to the attention of the readers of the Kramola portal "a comprehensive construction, technical and traceological study" of construction technologies in Egypt, published in the scientific journal of builders. The set of signs leads to the conclusion that the blocks of the Cheops pyramid were made by casting into a formwork.

CONSTRUCTION IN ANCIENT EGYPT

Comprehensive construction and technical and traceological research

Currently, there are many versions of how the pyramids were built in Ancient Egypt. There are so many versions that it is not possible to present all the options to the readers. We will voice only some versions:

1. The pyramids were built by thousands of slaves who dragged blocks along ramps to the very top, hollowed stones with a copper tool (classic version), used lifts (Herodotus's version).

2. "The Atlanteans … could, with the help of their psychic energy, tune in to the wave elements of the stone, counteracting the force of gravity, which made it possible for them to move enormous gravity. This is how the Egyptian pyramids were created, the construction of which belongs to the Atlanteans of Plato's island. The age of the pyramids is, according to ancient books, 75-80 thousand years, and not 4000 years, as it is believed "(version of E. R. Muldashev) [4].

3. The pyramids were made by aliens …

4. The pyramids were built by the civilization of people 2, 5-4 m tall …

etc.

All this can be continued indefinitely. In the 21st century, it is advisable to consider the issue from a scientific point of view and move on to a calm study of construction sites in order to develop technologies to prevent their further destruction.

An expert of the TsNEAT institution in Samara, Russia, with special knowledge in the field of judicial construction and technical and traceological examination, experience as an expert since 1993, in April 2010, an inspection and study of buildings in Egypt was carried out. Objects accessible for viewing and not requiring special permissions were investigated.

Inspection and research of the Cheops pyramid

Fig. 1. Plan of the pyramid complex in Giza (Cairo) [1].

An external examination of the Cheops pyramid revealed that the stone blocks of the outer perimeter have significant damage typical of calcareous rocks (see Fig. 3). Significant damage has almost completely destroyed the outer surface of the blocks and does not allow to reveal traces of tools and production mechanisms.

Rice. 2. Pyramid of Khafre and the Sphinx.

Rice. 3. Typical destruction of the outer stone blocks of the Cheops pyramid.

Figure 3 shows the typical destruction of the outer stone blocks of the Cheops pyramid, characteristic of limestone - sedimentary rocks. Examination of chipped stone blocks revealed that they have a monolithic structure without characteristic patterns of sediment layers (see Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Chipped stone blocks.

Among the examined stone blocks, a part was found with visually observed "layers" on the outer surfaces (see Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Visible "layers" on the outer surfaces of stone blocks.

Analyzing the location of the traces that formed the appearance of "layers" on the outer surface, the expert comes to the conclusion that they were formed by erosion in places that were not previously covered by stone blocks or were at the joints. That is, more intense erosion took place in these places and this is not an indication of the presence of layers in stone blocks.

Further, the expert searched for blocks recently discovered and not subjected to erosion in order to find traces of production mechanisms and tools in the manufacture of stone blocks. Such blocks were found and examined (see Fig.6, 7).

Rice. 6. Photograph of the surface of the stone block of the Cheops pyramid preserved in its original form in the second or third row of blocks from the outer perimeter of the Cheops pyramid.

Rice. 7. The same as in Fig. 6, but with markings of signs.

Figure 6, 7 shows stone blocks with traces of manufacturing mechanisms and tools. Figure 7 shows the marking of features, where:

1. The long red lines show a static trail displayed as a straight vertical raised edge approximately 1 mm thick (flare).
2. The short red lines show static marks in the form of irregular dents.
3. Green short lines show the spacer between blocks with a thickness of not more than 1 mm.

Due to the fact that no official permission was obtained for conducting a destructive study, the removal of a part of the gasket - the expert did not take a sample of the gasket.

The inspection and research carried out revealed signs in the form of:

- static traces from a trace-forming object with an uneven surface and a vertical groove no more than 1 mm;

- found a gasket between the blocks;

- no dynamic marks from chisels, hammers and similar tools were found;

- stone blocks of sedimentary rocks have a monolithic structure without layers.

The set of signs allows us to make a categorical conclusion that the blocks of the Cheops pyramid were made by casting into a formwork. The formwork could be, for example, animal skins sewn together or sheet metal with an uneven surface or other material fixed in the frame and allowing such marks to be left on the trace-sensing surface.

Continuing the examination of the Cheops pyramid, a static trace in the form of a sign was found (see Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Static trace at the end of the Cheops pyramid block.

During measurements, different lengths of the segments in the sign, different depths and different angles between the segments that formed the sign were found. This allows us to conclude that the sign was probably formed by pressing a tool with a straight triangular edge into the material in several steps.

The presence of this sign and the signs of its manufacture once again confirm the method of making stone blocks of the Cheops pyramid - the casting of blocks in the formwork. The detected sign is formed until the solution completely solidifies.

Analysis and conclusions

The conducted research and analysis of the data obtained during the examinations and study of the data, it can be concluded that almost all the load-bearing elements of the structures of ancient Egypt were made of sedimentary rocks (from gypsum - "alabaster"). This material was ground and poured into the formwork as part of the solution … This is the expert's categorical conclusion. Here it is necessary to emphasize the form of the withdrawal. The conclusion is "definitive", not "probable".

The use is most likely a consequence of the fact that in summer in Egypt, there are extremely high temperatures and a complete lack of precipitation. Sometimes it doesn't rain for several years. It is likely that no additional technical means were used to dehydrate the gypsum, and the material dehydrated naturally when heated under sunlight. As for the use of additives, they probably were, because for construction work, it is necessary to increase the solidification time of the material. One of these technologies is the addition of whey to the gypsum solution increases the setting time, and it is possible that something similar was used in Egypt.

In ancient Egypt, artificial granite from natural stone chips was widely used. Artificial granite was used not only for casting the entire structural element, but also as a decorative, protective coating for various structural and decorative elements of buildings cast from sedimentary rocks, as well as for decorating interiors as coatings.

During construction work, gypsum plasters and sand-based mortars were widely used. In addition to the above, stone processing was also used.

Probably, the choice of this or that technology in the construction and manufacture of sculptures depended on the wishes of the customer and his material capabilities. The architects used the whole range of technologies and achieved the results required by the customer. All this testifies to the very high development of handicrafts in ancient Egypt.

The research has established the basic construction technologies used in Ancient Egypt. Using the research results, it is necessary to revise the technologies used for the conservation of architectural monuments. The monuments have survived to this day due to the fact that they were covered with sand for a long time and were not exposed to atmospheric precipitation in the arid Egyptian climate. In the 20th century, many exhibits were taken out of Egypt and extracted from under the sand in Egypt itself. The conditions for the operation of the monuments have changed, it is necessary to review with all responsibility the adequacy of the measures taken for their preservation.

At the beginning of the article, there are versions of who built the pyramids and how. The conducted research did not reveal any anomalous technologies and therefore it must be assumed that the pyramids were built by ordinary Egyptians - masters of their craft.

Explanations for the article: After examining the pyramids, the expert visited the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and found a Russian-speaking Egyptian archaeologist. The conclusions of the Russian construction expert were presented to him. The archaeologist confirmed all the conclusions and proposed to conduct an additional inspection of the museum, where the expert was additionally shown other objects confirming the expert's conclusion.

The archaeologist was asked the question: - "Why don't you publish anything? Why are you deceiving the people?"

Answer: - "This is not us. Everything in Egypt belongs to the United States and the Discovery channel. They compose themselves. We are forbidden to publish. Brother Mubarek and the Americans together plunder everything and lie everything."

Expert: - "I don't care about the USA and Discovery! I will publish everything in Russia." "By the way! The mummy of a girl on the second floor in a glass sarcophagus, this is also our poet Pushkin described in a fairy tale from his nanny. The plot is …"

Archaeologist: - "It can't be!"

Expert: - "And this papyrus is on the wall, where is it from? Here is the Russian text - the tripartite agreement has been written and our cross with a circle in the form of a signature!"

Archaeologist: - "Publish everything! Another 70% has not been excavated in Egypt and we are trying to preserve it. We will figure it out later."

Posted by:

Construction in Ancient Egypt. Comprehensive construction and technical and traceological research / Architecture and construction of Russia, May 2010, pp. 18-26, ISSN 0235-7259.

The journal is included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission.