We deal with vaccinations. Part 14. Pig

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

1. Mumps (mumps) in children is usually such a trivial disease that even WHO does not scare them. However, they write, mumps can cause serious complications in adults. Therefore, it is important to vaccinate infants.

2. In pre-vaccination times, 15-27% of mumps cases were asymptomatic. How many cases are asymptomatic today is unknown because it is not clear how the vaccine alters clinical symptoms. Orchitis (inflammation of the testicle) is the most common complication of mumps, but it is only possible in sexually mature men. Orchitis is usually unilateral. Infertility from porcine orchitis is rare, even in the case of bilateral orchitis.

Before the vaccine was available, there were no reported cases of mumps.

Monovalent mumps vaccine is almost nowhere to be found, except in Japan, where MMR is still prohibited, and where the mumps vaccine is not sponsored by the state, and few people are vaccinated against it.

3. Vaccine against mumps. (1967, BMJ)

Mumps is a relatively mild illness in children, but it is inconvenient as children have to skip school. Serious complications from mumps are rare.

Significantly fewer antibodies are produced after vaccination than after illness.

While the recent mumps vaccine looks promising, there is no need for mass vaccinations.

4. Prevention of mumps. (1980, BMJ)

Thirteen years later, the BMJ is wondering again if the UK needs another vaccine for babies.

Mumps is not subject to registration, and the number of cases is unknown, especially since in 40% of cases mumps is asymptomatic. Perhaps a combination measles vaccine could be warranted. Such a vaccination could be given upon entering school for those who have not yet had mumps or measles.

Would the 50% of parents who agree to a measles vaccine today agree to another vaccine in addition to it? Only if the unfounded but widespread fear of infertility from orchitis overwhelms the British distrust of new vaccines. Otherwise, this vaccine will not be in demand.

However, even low vaccination coverage can lead to an increase in the number of susceptible adults. This is already happening in the United States.

The vaccine may be a boon for an unrecovered person, but the opposite is true for society as a whole, as the status quo will change when 95% of adults are immune to mumps. This disease may be unpleasant, but it is rarely dangerous. Trying to prevent it on a massive scale could increase the incidence of illness among adults, with all the attendant risks.

5. A retrospective survey of the complications of mumps. (1974, J R Coll Gen Pract)

It analyzes 2,482 cases of mumps hospitalization in 1958-1969 in 16 hospitals in England. They account for the majority of mumps cases requiring hospitalization in the country. Half of the patients were over 15 years old. Complications were observed in 42%. Three died, but two of them had another serious illness, and the mumps may not have been related to death, and the third most likely did not have mumps at all. The only complication that may have remained irreversible among these cases is deafness in five patients, four of them are adults.

Meningitis in mumps is so common that some believe it should not be considered a complication, but an integral part of the disease. In any case, there is a consensus that meningitis in mumps is not dangerous and rarely has consequences. This is confirmed by this research.

Orchitis is usually the most feared thing. There is a general fear of infertility from orchitis, but the likelihood of this is overestimated. Although infertility cannot be ruled out, in a small retrospective study, infertility as a consequence of orchitis was not found.

The authors conclude that there is no need for mass vaccination against mumps. It may make sense to vaccinate mature adolescents when they enter boarding school or the military. But even then it should be remembered that 90% of boys by the age of 14 have already had mumps, so they should be tested for antibodies, and only those who have no antibodies should be vaccinated.

6. Reports of sensorineural deafness after measles, mumps, and rubella immunization. (Stewart, 1993, Arch Dis Child)

It describes 9 cases of deafness after MMR in the 4 years since the vaccine was introduced. The authors conclude that 3 cases are not vaccine-related (but do not explain why), and the remaining 6 may or may not be related.

Since one-sided deafness is difficult to diagnose in children and are vaccinated at 12 months, there may have been other cases that were missed.

The authors propose to test the hearing of children upon entering school and compare it with historical data to see if MMR affects hearing.

Some more cases of deafness after MMR: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9].

Another 44 cases have been reported with VAERS.

7. Mumps meningoencephalitis (puyn, 1957, Calif Med)

It reports 119 cases of meningoencephalitis due to mumps in San Francisco over 12 years (1943-1955). It usually passes gently, without complications, without neurological consequences, lasts less than five days, and hospitalization is rarely necessary. Death due to meningoencephalitis from mumps is very rare, and only 3 such cases have been described in the entire medical literature (including one of these 119).

8. Mumps in the workplace. Further evidence of the changing epidemiology of a childhood vaccine-preventable disease. (Kaplan, 1988, JAMA)

Twenty years after the vaccine was introduced, and 10 years after it was widely used, there was the first outbreak of mumps (118 cases) in a workplace (Chicago Board of Trade). The outbreak cost $ 120,738, while the vaccine only costs $ 4.47.

The authors report that historically, vaccine prevention of mumps has not received as much attention as other diseases because the disease is mild. However, $ 1,500 for each case of mumps is too high a price, while the vaccine costs $ 4.47 in the public sector and $ 8.80 in the private sector. Research shows that every dollar you spend on mumps vaccines saves $ 7- $ 14.

In addition, mumps in adults often leads to complications. Orchitis occurs in 10-38% of sexually mature men. Also, adults with mumps may develop meningitis (0.6% of cases among those over 20). Mumps during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage.

In pre-vaccination times, mumps outbreaks were observed mainly in prisons, in orphanages and in army barracks.

9. The effectiveness of the mumps component of the MMR vaccine: a case control study. (Harling, 2005, Vaccine)

Mumps outbreak in London. 51% of cases were vaccinated. The efficacy of a single dose of the vaccine was 64%. The effectiveness of two doses is 88%. This efficacy is much lower than that stated in clinical trials, since immunogenicity (i.e. the amount of antibodies) is not an accurate biological marker of vaccine efficacy. In addition, the vaccines may have been improperly stored, making them ineffective.

The authors also review other studies of the effectiveness of the mumps vaccine. In the 60s, the efficiency was 97%, in the 70s 73-79%, in the 80s 70-91%, in the 90s 46-78% (87% for the Urabe strain).

10. Vaccine-related mumps infections in Thailand and the identification of a novel mutation in the mumps fusion protein. (Gilliland, 2013, Biologicals)

Two weeks after the MMR vaccination of female nurses in Thailand, there was an outbreak of mumps. The patients were diagnosed with a vaccine strain of the virus (Leningrad-Zagreb). This strain has caused mumps outbreaks several times in the past.

11. Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults, France 2013. (Vygen, 2016, Euro Surveill)

In 2013, 15 mumps outbreaks were reported in France. 72% of cases were vaccinated twice. The vaccine efficacy was 49% for one dose and 55% for two doses.

Among those who were vaccinated once, the risk of developing mumps increased by 7% with each passing year after vaccination.

Among those who were vaccinated twice, the risk of developing mumps increased by 10% with each passing year after vaccination.

Orchitis was observed in five men. One was unvaccinated, two were vaccinated with one dose, and two were vaccinated twice.

Mumps is a mild disease that goes away on its own but can sometimes lead to serious complications such as orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, or encephalitis, especially in adults. In adults, complications from mumps are more common and more serious than in children. Especially among the unvaccinated.

In other countries, there are also outbreaks of mumps among those vaccinated. The reason for this is the diminishing effectiveness of the vaccine, and the lack of natural boosters. It is also possible that outbreaks are due to inherently overestimated efficacy, inadequate vaccination coverage, or the presence of a strain that is not covered by the vaccine.

The presence of outbreaks among the vaccinated, and the diminishing effectiveness, make one think about a third dose of the vaccine. Such an experiment was carried out in the United States during outbreaks in 2009 and 2010. Both times, the outbreak subsided a few weeks after vaccination. However, outbreaks always subside, and it is unclear if this was due to the vaccine. However, this and other experiments suggest that a third dose of the vaccine is not a bad idea. In addition, few side effects were observed during the third dose vaccination campaigns in the United States.

In the Netherlands, they wanted to introduce a third dose of MMR in the national immunization schedule, but changed their minds, because, firstly, complications from mumps rarely occur, and secondly, vaccination coverage among adults is unlikely to be satisfactory.

Outbreaks of mumps among those vaccinated, as well as this study, led the French Ministry of Health to recommend a third dose of MMR during outbreaks. While it is not known if the vaccine is effective for those already infected with the virus, it is possible that vaccination will shorten the infectious period of the vaccinated person.

In a Dutch study, it was found that two thirds are asymptomatic during outbreaks. The role of asymptomatic patients in disease transmission remains unknown.

Future observations in France, and possibly other countries that adopt a similar recommendation, will help determine if a third dose of MMR is effective during outbreaks.

12. Mumps outpeak in Israel's highly vaccinated society: are two doses enough? (Anis, 2012, Epidemiol Infect)

Mumps outbreak in Israel (over 5,000 cases), 78% were fully vaccinated. Mostly teenagers and adults were ill. In other countries (Austria, USA, Netherlands, UK), outbreaks of mumps have also been observed among adolescents and students, while in countries where mumps are not vaccinated, children from 5 to 9 years old are sick with it.

Despite the high vaccination coverage (90-97%), antibodies to mumps were detected in only 68% of the population.

The authors write that outbreaks of mumps in recent years have been caused by genotype G, while the vaccine contains a virus of genotype A. But they do not believe that this is due to outbreaks and suggest a third dose of the vaccine.

13. Mumps outpeak in a highly vaccinated school population. Evidence for large-scale vaccination failure. (Cheek, 1995, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med)

A mumps outbreak in a school where all but one of the students were vaccinated. There were 54 cases in total.

There are a lot of similar studies about mumps outbreaks among fully vaccinated, here are a few more: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13].

14. Transmission of mumps virus from mumps-vaccinated individuals to close contacts. (Fanoy, 2011, Vaccine)

As with measles, since the vaccine against mumps is live, once vaccinated, the person being vaccinated becomes infectious to others. More similar studies: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6].

15. The mumps vaccine is so ineffective and there are so many mumps outbreaks among those vaccinated that there is a special article on Wikipedia listing mumps outbreaks in the 21st century.

16. In 2010, two virologists who previously worked at Merck sued the company. They said Merck had tampered with the results of clinical trials of the mumps vaccine, which allowed the company to remain the sole manufacturer of MMR in the United States.

The lawsuit alleges that Merck orchestrated a bogus vaccine testing program in the late 90s. The company obliged scientists to participate in the program, promised them high bonuses if the vaccine passed certification, and threatened them with jail if they reported the fraud to the FDA.

The efficacy of the mumps vaccine is tested as follows. Children have a blood test taken before and after the vaccination. Then a virus is added to the blood, which, infecting cells, forms plaques. Comparison of the amount of these plaques in the blood before and after vaccination indicates the effectiveness of the vaccine.

Rather than testing how children's blood neutralizes a wild strain of the virus, Merck tested how it neutralizes a vaccine strain. However, this was still not enough to show the required efficiency of 95%. Therefore, rabbit antibodies were added to the tested children's blood, which already gave 100% efficiency.

But that's not all. Since the addition of animal antibodies showed a pre-vaccine efficacy of 80% (instead of 10%), it was clear that there was a deception here. Therefore, the pre-vaccine tests had to be redone. At first, we tried to change the amount of added rabbit antibodies, but this did not give the desired results. Then they just started to fake the plaque count, and they counted the plaques that were not in the blood. The fake data was entered immediately into the Excel, since it took too much time to change the paper forms, and besides, such tactics did not leave traces of falsification.

Virologists nevertheless turned to the FDA, and an agent came from there with a check. She asked questions for half an hour, got false answers, did not ask virologists themselves, did not check the laboratory, and wrote a one-page report where she pointed out minor problems in the process, without mentioning rabbit antibodies or data falsification.

As a result, Merck is certified MMR and MMRV, and is the only manufacturer of these vaccines in the United States.

After large outbreaks of mumps in 2006 and 2009, the CDC, which planned to eliminate mumps by 2010, pushed that target to 2020.

When the court asked Merck to provide documents on the effectiveness of the vaccine, they provided data from 50 years ago.

17. All the safety studies on MMR covered in the measles part apply to mumps.

Here are a few more:

18. Outpeak of aseptic meningitis associated with mass vaccination with a urabe-containing measles-mumps-rubella vaccine: implications for immunization programs. (Dourado, 2000, Am J Epidemiol)

After a massive MMR vaccination campaign in Brazil with the Japanese strain of mumps (Urabe), an outbreak of aseptic meningitis began. The risk of the disease increased 14-30 times.

The fact that the Urabe strain was associated with aseptic meningitis was known before, but the Brazilian authorities decided to use this particular strain anyway, because it is cheaper and more effective than the Jeryl Lynn strain (which is used in the United States), and because they considered that the risk of meningitis is quite short.

In France, vaccination with the same strain did not lead to an outbreak of meningitis. The authors explain this phenomenon by the fact that in Brazil, outbreaks were observed mainly in large cities, where people live close to hospitals. In addition, a large number of children were vaccinated in a very short time. These factors made it possible to identify the outbreak.

The authors worry that such side effects could lead to vaccine refusal. They write that people's belief in the benefit of vaccination is in itself insufficient, and that more and more people refuse vaccinations, and that it would not hurt to also register the side effects of vaccination.

19. In the UK, the Urabe strain began to be used in 1988, and was discontinued in 1992, only after the producers announced that they would stop producing it. However, judging by the published documents, the authorities knew about the danger of this strain already in 1987.

20. Outpeak of aseptic meningitis and mumps after mass vaccination with MMR vaccine using the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strain. (da Cunha, 2002, Vaccine)

The next year, the Brazilian authorities, taught by bitter experience, purchased MMR with another strain of mumps - Leningrad-Zagreb, and inoculated 845 thousand children with it. There was another outbreak of aseptic meningitis, and this time the risk was 74 times higher. Of course, it was known about this strain in advance that it increases the risk of meningitis, but since the vaccination campaign in the Bahamas did not lead to an outbreak of meningitis, we decided to see how it would be in Brazil. In addition, a mumps outbreak began. One out of every 300 doses of the vaccine resulted in mumps.

The authors question whether all funding for a vaccination campaign should go towards vaccines, or whether some amount should be left to register side effects. They write that this issue is rather controversial in the medical literature. Vaccine priority advocates believe that the benefits of vaccination campaigns are undeniable and there is nothing to waste money on bullshit. Proponents of side-effect monitoring believe that the lack of information about them scares the public, and leads to a lack of confidence in vaccines.

The Leningrad-Zagreb strain was developed in Serbia from the Leningrad 3 strain, which also caused meningitis.

21. Depressed lymphocyte function after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. (Munyer, 1975, J Infect Dis)

The authors tested the lymphocyte response to candida in vaccinated individuals and found that MMR leads to decreased lymphocyte function, lasting 1-5 weeks after vaccination. Lymphocyte function returns to its previous level only 10-12 weeks after vaccination. Other studies have shown similar results.

22. Henoch-Schönlein purpura and drug and vaccine use in childhood: a case-control study. (Da Dalt, 2016, Ital J Pediatr)

MMR increases the risk of hemorrhagic vasculitis by 3.4 times. Usually this disease in children goes away on its own, but in 1% of cases it leads to kidney failure.

23. Mumps vaccine associated orchitis: Evidence supporting a potential immune-mediated mechanism. (Clifford, 2010, Vaccine)

Orchitis may well occur as a consequence of the mumps vaccine.

24. Deep sequencing reveals persistence of cell-associated mumps vaccine virus in chronic encephalitis. (Morfopoulou, 2017, Acta Neuropathol)

A 14-month-old boy received the MMR vaccine and was diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency 4 months later. Then he successfully underwent a bone marrow transplant, and he developed chronic encephalitis, and at the age of 5 he died. When he had a brain biopsy, they found a vaccine strain of the mumps virus in his brain. This was the first case of mumps virus panencephalitis.

25. In the previous part, among other things, studies were given according to which mumps in childhood reduces the risk of cancer, neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Here I will dwell in more detail on ovarian cancer.

26. Epidemiologic study of malignancies of the ovaries. (West, 1966, Cancer)

Unlike other cancers, the risk of which increases with age, the risk of ovarian cancer rises until the age of 70 and then drops sharply. The risk of ovarian cancer in Japan is much lower than in England and the United States, where this type of cancer is becoming more common.

The author analyzed the association between ovarian cancer and 50 different factors, and found that the only statistically significant factor associated with ovarian cancer was the absence of mumps in childhood (p = 0.007). In fact, the absence of rubella in childhood was also associated with ovarian cancer, but in this case the p-value was 0.02. In those years, scientists had slightly more self-esteem, and p> 0.01 was not considered a statistically significant result.

They also found that the risk of ovarian cancer in unmarried women was significantly higher.

27. Possible role of mumps virus in the etiology of ovarian cancer. (Menczer, 1979, Cancer)

Clinical mumps in childhood is associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. In addition, it turned out that ovarian cancer patients had fewer antibodies to mumps.

The authors believe that what affects the risk of ovarian cancer is not the mumps virus itself, but the subclinical course of the disease. With subclinical illness (without symptoms, as after vaccination), fewer antibodies are produced, which subsequently protect against cancer.

28. Mumps and ovarian cancer: modern interpretation of an historic association. (Cramer, 2011, Cancer Causes Control)

In addition to these two, seven more studies have been published on the association of mumps with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, the biological mechanism of this phenomenon has not been investigated, and since the beginning of vaccination, the link between mumps and ovarian cancer has become irrelevant and forgotten.

All but two studies found a protective effect of mumps against ovarian cancer. One of the two studies that found no link found no link even between pregnancy and ovarian cancer. The second study (the last of nine) was conducted in 2008, and already includes many more vaccinated than the previous ones.

MUC1 is a membrane protein that is associated with cancer. The authors found that women who had mumps had significantly more antibodies to this protein than those who had not had mumps. This biological mechanism explains the protective function of the mumps.

Mumps vaccination creates antibodies against the virus, but does not create antibodies against MUC1. To create these antibodies, you need to have mumps. From this it can be concluded that since symptomatic cases of mumps are much less common after the start of vaccination, this will lead to an increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer. Indeed, the incidence of ovarian cancer among white women has increased.

The authors also conducted a meta-analysis of eight studies and concluded that mumps reduced cancer risk by 19%.

29. Oncolytic activities of approved mumps and measles vaccines for therapy of ovarian cancer. (Myers, 2005, Cancer Gene Ther)

Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in American women. 25 thousand women a year fall ill with it, and 16 thousand of them die. The authors analyzed three viruses - recombinant measles virus, and measles and mumps vaccine strains as treatment for ovarian cancer in vitro and in mice. All three viruses successfully killed cancer cells. Despite the excellent results, the virus, for some reason, was not used in conventional cancer therapy. Perhaps because this strain can cause complications in the nervous system.

The authors note that since most people in Western countries are vaccinated against measles and mumps, the immune system can interfere with this type of therapy.

30. Treatment of human cancer with mumps virus. (Asada, 1974, Cancer)

90 patients with terminal cancer were tried and treated with mumps virus (wild or near-wild strain). The virus was given orally, rectally, intravenously, via inhalation, topical injection, or simply applied externally to the tumor. Because the researchers did not have enough virus, the patients received only small amounts.

The results were very good in 37 patients (complete tumor disappearance or reduction by more than 50%), and good in 42 patients (tumor shrinkage or cessation of enlargement). Within a few days, the pain subsided and the appetite improved, and within two weeks many of the tumor disappeared. Side effects were minimal. 19 patients were completely cured.

31. Studies on the use of mumps virus for treatment of human cancer. (Okuno, 1978, Biken J)

Two hundred cancer patients were injected intravenously with mumps virus (Urabe strain). The only side effect was a slight increase in temperature in half of them.

In 26 patients, tumor regression was observed, the majority of pain disappeared, in 30 out of 35 bleeding decreased or stopped, in 30 out of 41 ascites and edema decreased or disappeared.

32. Attenuated mumps virus therapy of carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. (Sato, 1979, Int J Oral Surg)

Two patients with carcinoma of the maxillary sinus were injected with the mumps virus (strain Urabe). Their pain went away immediately and the tumor regressed. True, then they still died of exhaustion.

33. Recombinant mumps virus as a cancer therapeutic agent. (Ammayappan, 2016, Mol Ther Oncolytics)

All three previous studies were conducted in Japan, and outside of Japan, these results were of no interest to anyone. And in 2016, the notorious Mayo Clinic decided to take samples of this virus in Japan and test them in vitro and in mice. And it turned out that, indeed, the virus has an anti-cancer effect.

34. The use of fetal bovine serum: ethical or scientific problem? (Jochems, 2002, Altern Lab Anim)

One of the components of MMR (and some other vaccines) is fetal bovine serum. The cells in which viruses are grown must multiply, and for this they need a nutrient medium with hormones, growth factors, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, etc. Fetal bovine serum is usually used as this medium.

Since the serum should preferably be sterile, it is not the blood of cows that is used for its production, but the blood of the embryos of calves.

The pregnant cow is killed and the uterus is removed. Then the fetus is removed from the uterus, the umbilical cord is cut off and disinfected. After that, the heart is pierced through the fetus and the blood is pumped out. Sometimes a pump is used for this, and sometimes a massage. Then the blood coagulates and platelets and clotting factors are separated from it by centrifugation. What is left behind is fetal bovine serum.

In addition to the necessary components, the serum can also contain viruses, bacteria, yeast, fungi, mycoplasmas, endotoxins and possibly prions. Many components of bovine serum have not yet been determined, and the function of many of those identified is unknown.

From a three-month-old embryo, 150 ml of serum is produced, from a six-month-old - 350 ml, and from a nine-month old - 550 ml. (Cows are pregnant for 9 months). The world market for bovine whey is 500,000 liters per year, which requires approximately 2 million pregnant cows. (At the moment, the whey market is already 700,000 liters).

Next, the authors examine the literature on whether the fetus suffers while the heart is pierced and blood is pumped out.

Since the fetus, which is separated from the placenta, experiences anoxia (acute lack of oxygen), this may lead to the fact that pain signals do not reach the brain, and the fetus does not suffer.

However, it turns out that, unlike adult rabbits, which die after 1.5 minutes of anoxia, premature rabbits live 44 minutes without oxygen. This is because fetuses and newborns compensate for the lack of oxygen through anaerobic metabolism. In addition, the fetal brain consumes much less oxygen than the adult brain. Among other species of animals, a similar picture is observed, but no one checked the calves.

Science has only recently wondered if a mammalian fetus or a newborn is in pain. Just a decade ago, babies were thought to be less sensitive to pain than adults, so premature and term babies were operated on without anesthesia. Today, it is believed that the human fetus experiences pain from the 24th week, and may suffer from the 11th week after conception. Moreover, embryos and newborns are more sensitive to pain than adults, since they have not yet developed a mechanism to suppress physiological pain. Therefore, the fetus may experience pain even if it is simply touched.

The authors conclude that during the piercing of the heart, the fetus has normal brain activity, it experiences pain, and suffers when blood is pumped out of it, and possibly after the end of this procedure, before dying.

Further, the authors argue whether it is possible to anesthetize the fetus so that it does not feel pain. Some believe that anoxia itself acts as an anesthetic, but this is not the case. In addition, newborn mammals are very poor at absorbing drugs. And the presence of these drugs themselves in the serum is undesirable. Electric shock is also not suitable, as it leads to cardiac arrest. The authors believe that it is possible that the bolt, properly driven into the brain, will lead to brain death of the fetus.

Some manufacturers claim that they kill the fetus before removing the blood from it. But this is not true, since the blood clots immediately after death, and in order to extract it, the fetus must be alive.

The authors conclude that the collection procedure for fetal bovine serum is inhumane.

35. Benefits and risks due to animal serum used in cell culture production. (Wessman, 1999, Dev Biol Stand)

20-50% of fetal bovine serum is infected with bovine diarrhea virus and other viruses.

We are talking only about viruses known to science, which make up only an insignificant part of all existing viruses.

36. Fetal Bovine Serum RNA Interferes with the Cell Culture derived Extracellular RNA. (Wei, 2016, Nature)

Fetal bovine serum contains extracellular RNA that cannot be separated from serum. This RNA interacts with the RNA of human cells, in which viruses for vaccines are grown.

37. Evidence of pestivirus RNA in human virus vaccines. (Harasawa, 1994, J Clin Microbiol)

The authors analyzed 5 live vaccines and found in MMR vaccines from two different manufacturers, as well as in two monovalent mumps and rubella vaccines, RNA of bovine diarrhea virus, which probably got there from fetal bovine serum.

In infants, this virus may lead to gastroenteritis, and in pregnant women, to the birth of children with microcephaly.

38. Viral contamination of bovine fetal serum and cell cultures. (Nuttall, 1977, Nature)

The fact that fetal bovine serum was infected with the bovine diarrhea virus was known as early as 1977. This virus is known to cross the placenta and can infect the calf embryo in the uterus. 60% of serum samples in Australia were contaminated with the virus. 8% of bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines were also contaminated.

The virus has also been found in bovine kidney cells, which are used to make measles vaccines.

39. In vitro inhibition of mumps virus by retinoids. (Soye, 2013, Virol J)

Vitamin A inhibits the multiplication of the mumps virus in vitro.