How historians composed the Mongol Empire

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 15:55

As Montaigne said, "People believe in nothing more firmly than in what they least know." Historical knowledge, or rather ignorance, is the same. Most people are fanatically confident in the existence of Ancient Hellas, Ancient Rome, Ancient Babylonia and Ancient Rus.

And just try to hint that they are wrong - with g … they will devour, shit and trample into the ground, so that others will not be disobedient to “encroach on the sacred”. Okay, this is still understandable - hamsters defend the myth of "their" (universal or local) great past.

But even for me it is difficult to explain the persistence with which they guard the stupid myth of the Great Mongol Empire, which allegedly stretched at one time from the Danube and the Circumpolar to India and Cambodia. Okay, there, contrary to all common sense, celebrate the day of victory on the Kulikovo field, where "our lumps were blown in" (archaeologists did not find even a hint of a battle on the indicated field - absolute zero finds indicating a military action). Puten ordered to engage in patriotism with might and main, to be proud of glorious ancestors, even some budget was allocated for this. In all this, the word "budget" is the key one. But what is the point of defending the nonsense about the Mongols who were blown in the opposite direction? Even from the point of view of propaganda and utilitarian expediency, this is meaningless. Nobody will give the budget for the chanting of the heroic steppe knights, who were supposedly cut off by our glorious great-great-great-grandfathers and our great-great-great-grandmothers were using it. Apparently, there is only one reason - the Mongolian conquest of the world is so firmly inscribed in world historical mythology that pull out this brick - the whole wall will fall down. And the budget for patriotism has already been allocated … To whom then did our people blow on the Kulikovo field, if there were no Mongol invaders? What is it now, do all the doctors of historical sciences who received scientific degrees for the "scientific" study of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke" have to surrender their mandates?

Meanwhile, in order to understand the uttermost moronism of delirium about the Mongol conquest, it is enough to turn to the data of even that historical "science" that tries to prove the opposite. Actually, what traces the Mongols left behind:

- Written sources- 0 (zero), which is not surprising, since the Mongols received their writing only in the twentieth century (before that, various alphabets of more cultured peoples were adapted). However, even in the Russian chronicles (even if they are littered with very late forgeries), no Mongols are ever mentioned.

- Architectural monuments- 0 (zero).

- Linguistic borrowings- 0 (zero): as in the Russian language there is not a single Mongolian word, so in Mongolian until the twentieth century there were no borrowings from Russian.

- Cultural and legal borrowing- 0 (zero): neither in our life is there anything from the Trans-Baikal nomads, nor did the nomads borrow anything at all from the much more cultured peoples they allegedly conquered until the last century.

- Economic consequencesconquest of the world - 0 (zero): nomads robbed two-thirds of Eurasia, should they have brought at least something home? Let not libraries, but at least a piece of gold, ripped from the temples allegedly destroyed by them … But there is nothing.

- Numismatic traces - 0 (zero): no Mongolian coins are known to the world.

- In the arms business - 0 (zero).

- In folklore There are no Mongols, even phantom memories of their "great" past, which was noted by all Europeans who had contact with the natives, starting from the 17th century, when the wave of Russian colonization reached Transbaikalia.

- Population genetics does not find the slightest traces of the stay of the Trans-Baikal nomads in the vastness of Eurasia, which they conquered.

In general, even one last argument is enough to once and for all put a fat point in this issue - the Mongol conquest is an invention. Let me explain the essence of the method. Genetic markers of Y-DNA are transmitted with the Y-chromosome exclusively through the paternal line (that is, from the father to the sons), and mtDNA markers are transmitted through the maternal line to all children. Since men are carriers of Y-DNA markers, any army, no matter how small in number, leaves on the territory through which it passed, Y-DNA, which in a large population do not disappear and do not dissolve in the future, but are passed from father to son unchanged and are always detected with a more or less wide sample. For example, only one sex activist Genghis Khan should have more than 10 million direct descendants today:-))). True, only if he really existed and had as many sons as historians "know for sure". But the map of the distribution of the Mongol haplogroup suggests that their expansion was directly opposite in direction. The outbreak in the Caspian region is the Kalmyks, that is, the same Mongols who moved here in the 17th century from Dzungaria (the outbreak in East Kazakhstan), where the Oirats, the western branch of the Mongols, lived.

Therefore, historians, in order to save the "honor of the uniform", will have to urgently correct their doctrine and declare that the entire Mongol horde consisted exclusively of eunuchs, and for three centuries this rule had no exceptions. And then what happens: European guests, who looked into Russia for several months in 1812, scattered their Y-DNA in abundance along the Smolensk road, and hordes of Mongols (and other nomads), allegedly using our great-great-great-grandmothers for almost 300 years, no genetic markers left? In India, Transcaucasia, Iran, Cambodia and China, the picture is the same. But in Mongolia, on the contrary, the traces of a long stay of the Chinese in haplogroups are quite clear. Well, ours also "inherited" a little there.

But let's take a closer look at the aspects mentioned above for completeness.

Written artifacts … The Mongols did not have their own written language, which completely excludes the possibility of the existence of a state for them. Any state is a bureaucratic apparatus, this is clerical work, these are decrees, orders, orders and reports from the localities about their execution coming from above. Any state is collecting taxes, but how can you keep records without records? Therefore, having pulled hard enough, the historians misled something about the "old Mongolian letter", which, they say, was, but sank into the water. For some reason, the Mongols themselves call "their" ancient writing system, that is, the "Uyghur letter", which it essentially is. Mongols are not Uyghurs, and Uyghurs are not Mongols, their language belongs to the Turkic group.

Are there many monuments in the "Old Mongolian language"? Well, there is about one for sure - the so-called Chinggis stone (see photo), the first news of which is dated 1818. It got its name … oh, now it will be funny: because the natives living near the Nerchinsk plant, where it was found is unknown by whom, as it were, they told the Russians that the word "Genghis Khan" was written on the stone. It turns out that the local Buryats, almost universally illiterate and did not have their own written language until the 1930s, could read the Uygurzhin bichig sample of 1204 (historians “know” even the year when this writing was created), although only one word - “Chingis- khan ". Otherwise, they would have produced a complete authentic translation of the text.

I had to puzzle over the translation by an academic scientist. Since no one in the world speaks the "old Mongolian language", they all translated as they pleased. Try to prove it wrong. The first translation of the inscription was made by the German researcher Isaac Jakob Schmidt at the end of the 30s of the last century:

Donji Banzarov, a first Buryat who received a European education, gave the inscriptions in 1851 a completely different interpretation:

In 1927, a new translation was made by the Mongolian I. N. Klyukin:

What do these translations have in common? Only one thing: the word "Chinggis Khan" and the mention of sartagul. For the rest, complete discord: Schmidt writes about the end of internecine feud; Banzarov that Isunke received a detachment of 335 soldiers for use, and Klyukin read on stone about sports in archery. By the way, from what hangover Banzanov declared Sartagul Khorezmians? He could not have been unaware of the existence of the Sartuls, a Buryat ethnic group. True, the appearance of the Sartuls in Buryatia is tied to the 18th century, when they migrated here from the area near the Sarata uula mountain, which is actually in Mongolia. Consequently, the "Genghis Stone", if the local tribe of Sartuls is really mentioned on it, could not have appeared earlier. It is for this reason that Banzanov announced that the Sartaguls are the inhabitants of Khorezm, and no one else. Scientificness and rushing.

All this speaks about one thing: the Uyghur letter, declared "old Mongolian", scientists are not able to read today. But if they cannot read the inscription, then how can they classify it and even date it to the beginning of the 13th century? By likeness? Well, then present such artifacts in the amount of at least two or three hundred! A stone is a stone: it was bungled yesterday or 800 years ago - there is no way to install it. Modern Mongols, by the way, even the most advanced specialists in the "old Mongolian writing", cannot read this stone. In this regard, a version arises that the "Chinggis Stone" is a replica of the 19th century. Why would anyone want to make a fake by scribbling a Uyghur-like abrocadabra? Well, Duc, the Academy of Sciences go and unfastened pretty well for such a unique exhibit. Business is business. And someone made a career on his "scientific study". That's about all that can be said about the "old Mongolian writing".

Architectural monuments. Generally speaking, for nomads, the very concept of architecture is unknown for obvious reasons. But since historians composed the Great Mongol Empire - the greatest of all the greats (the equally fantastic Roman Empire did not stand nearby), she had to invent the capital too, otherwise it turns out somehow undignified that the greatest conqueror of all times and peoples, Genghis Khan, lives in a yurt on stinking skins, but he does his necessities by sitting down in an open field. The capital city of Karakorum was invented. But it was so cunningly invented that this Karakorum was a kakbe, but it is not known where. Therefore, you can fantasize about his greatness without any hesitation:

But later generations of historians felt offended: they say, we are also not bastard, and in order to wipe our senior comrades' noses, we will find Karakorum right now. And they found it. Nikolay Yadrintsev, who discovered an ancient settlement in the valley of the Orkhon River, declared it Karakorum. Kara-korum literally means "black stones". Not far from the settlement there was a mountain range, which the Europeans gave the official name Karakorum. And since the mountains are called Karakorum, then the settlement on the Orkhon River was given the same name. Here is such a compelling rationale! True, the local population had never even heard of any Karakorum, but called the Muztag mountain range - Ice Mountains, but this did not bother the "scientists" at all.

But there is no architecture in Karakorum. There are only miserable remains of adobe walls. The largest remains were declared the palace of Ogedei, the kagan of the Mongol Empire, the son of Genghis Khan. But the trouble is, during detailed excavations UNDER Ogedei's palace, the remains of a Buddhist shrine of the 17th century were discovered, and indeed, Karokorum is actually the ruins of the Erdeni-Dzu Buddhist monastery.

There are two known capitals of the Golden Horde - Saray-Batu and Saray-Berke. Even the ruins have not survived to this day. Historians found the culprit here too - Tamerlane, who came from Central Asia and destroyed these very flourishing and populated cities of the East. Today, archaeologists are excavating at the site of the supposedly great capitals of the great Eurasian empire only the remains of adobe huts and the most primitive household utensils. Everything valuable, they say, was plundered by the evil Tamerlane. And the stones, as if … went to the construction of Astrakhan. True, from Astrakhan to Saray-Batu, one and a half hundred miles, but historians know for sure that even the stones after Timur's pogrom were dug up and taken away. Therefore, archaeologists find on the site of the former "capital" only household rubbish, crockery shards and pectoral crosses. Tellingly, archaeologists do not find the slightest traces of the presence of Mongolian nomads in these places. However, this does not bother them at all. Since traces of Greeks, Russians, Italians and others were found there, then the matter is clear: the Mongols brought craftsmen from the conquered countries to their capital. Does anyone doubt that the Mongols conquered Italy? Read carefully the works of "scientists" - historians - it says that Batu reached the coast of the Adriatic Sea and almost as far as Vienna. Somewhere there he caught the Italians.

And what does the fact that Sarai-Berke, where the capital of the Golden Horde moved from Sarai-Batu, to the center of the Sarsk and Podonsk Orthodox dioceses, speaks for? This, according to historians, testifies to the phenomenal religious tolerance of the Mongol conquerors. True, in this case it is not clear why the Golden Horde khans allegedly tortured several Russian princes who did not want to give up their faith. The Grand Duke of Kiev and Chernigov Mikhail Vsevolodovich was even canonized for refusing to worship the sacred fire and was killed for disobedience.

In the photo above, an excavation at the site of Saray-Batu (village Selitrennoe). It is difficult to imagine that before us are the remains of the khan's palace, built of adobe bricks. Today, local residents build pigsties and sheds in a similar way. By the way, the size will roughly correspond to what archaeologists have dug up. They found nothing more impressive.

Professional historians and their hamsters passionately refer to the ancient chroniclers, who supposedly "saw everything with their own eyes" and described them honestly. Allegedly, Ibn Battuta allegedly wrote the following about Sarai, allegedly in 1334:

There is one of two things: either the work of Ibn Battut is 100% fake, or the city of Saray was not at all where historians assigned him to. There is no other way.

And this is how the other capital of the Golden Horde, Saray-Berke, looks like today. With a good imagination, one can imagine gorgeous palaces, beautiful temples, high fortified walls and towers. The main thing is not to try to dig in the ground, the results of the excavations will disappoint you very much. Better imagine further.

Money. If there is an empire, then there must be an "emission center". You can't do without it! Any African bantustan, immediately after the declaration of independence, first of all begins to print national tugriks. And the empire is simply obliged to show the world its coin, preferably with the names of its glorious emperors, and even with their portraits. Where is the imperial mint to be if not in the Karakorum? But the archaeologists, who dug the soil up and down, did not find any traces of it. But they found a lot of Chinese silver coins of the 17th century.

There is no archaeological evidence of the existence of an imperial center in Mongolia, and therefore, as arguments in favor of a completely delusional version, official science can offer only casuistic interpretations of the works of Rashid al-Din. True, they cite the latter very selectively. For example, after four years of excavations in Orkhon, historians prefer not to remember that he writes about the walking of dinars and dirhams in Karakorum. And Guillaume de Rubruck reports that the Mongols knew a lot about the Romans' money, which overflowed their budget bins. Historians will now also have to keep quiet about this. It should also be forgotten that Plano Carpini mentioned how the ruler of Baghdad paid tribute to the Mongols in Roman gold solidi - besants. No Roman coins have been found in the Mongolian steppes. In short, all the ancient witnesses were wrong. Only modern historians know the truth.

In the photo there is a copper coin found at a settlement near the village of Selitrennoye in the Astrakhan region. It was declared Golden Horde only on the grounds that it was found in the place where historians have placed the capital of the Golden Horde - Saray-Batu. In fact, an old trade route passed through these places, and the coins here can be very different. It might as well be declared Persian, Arab, Byzantine, or Russian. Fortunately, there are no readable inscriptions, numbers or emblems on this piece of copper. As for the "Mongol" coins, historians declare as such any coin if, for example, there is an image of a bow on it (it is declared a symbol of Mongol power) or a rider with a sword. But coins with onions were minted, as it is believed, in Bulgaria, and the horseman is the most widespread image on Russian money.

Continuation…