Permogorsk painting: How peasants created a unique fairy tale

2024 Author: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-07 16:23

Since ancient times, people have decorated their life with items of decorative and applied art. These products could not only be used in the household, but they also brought beauty into the house, pleasing to the eye. Since the days of paganism, and even in Christianity, people believed that things, household items, clothes decorated with symbolic patterns protect the home and the person from evil spirits, diseases, bring joy, health and happiness.

That is why the outside of the peasant hut was always decorated with carvings and paintings, from the gate to the porch - the entrance to the dwelling. With symbolic elements, people tried to save their home from harm. Clothes were also decorated with a pattern: for example, the embroidery on a men's shirt on the forearm was supposed to give strength to the muscles of the hand when working, the hem of a women's sundress, decorated with a pattern, protected from colds and an evil spirit.

You can cite many places where craftsmen lived, which they just did not know how to do: this is the world famous Khokhloma, and the glorious city of Gorodets, these are magnificent bone products, and magical Vologda lace.

The craftsmen who made these things put so much skill and taste in their production that now they are collected in a museum and we can admire them as works of folk art.

Many crafts have already been forgotten, much has been lost … and our task is to remember, restore and revive these losses so that in the future other generations could see and feel what their ancestors were capable of.

We must learn the history and culture of our Russia, but first of all we need to learn to love and understand the culture of our small homeland, that corner of immense Russia where you were born, that land where you live!

Russia is rich in folk craftsmen, but, perhaps, such a variety of forms of creativity, as in our North, can hardly be found anywhere! This is weaving from twigs and birch bark, Kargopol clay toys, the famous bird of happiness, about which a legend has been formed, these amazing painted spinning wheels, carved boxes, bone products, these are the famous Malye Korely, northern embroidery and weaving products.

What our ancestors did not know how! Much of what they could, in our time, experienced master-artists are sometimes not even able to do it. You can enumerate for a long time everything that ordinary people of the North knew how to do, which are highly artistic things - it pleases the eye and warms the heart.

In the hour of meditation, in the hour of dreams, A quiet rest from worries

In the light of the northern lights

By the rebellious waters

Someone created this tale …

V. Bryusov

The nature of the North is surprisingly unique and beautiful. We will go with you on a journey along the Northern Dvina to visit the masters of Permogorye, and the closer the purpose of our trip, the higher the mountains.

Here is Permogorye, located on the highest bank of the Northern Dvina, which is why the pier "Permogorye" is named - the first highest mountains.

A steep staircase goes up from the landing stage - 130 steps! But when you climb to the very top, such distances open up that you involuntarily want to stop and look around.

The scarlet color of dawn, green grass, yellow buttercups and a light-bright sky …

This is where, it turns out, the bright patterns in the paintings of the artists of Permogorye. They repeated what they saw in the native nature of the North.

Together with the bright painting, the sun and summer entered the peasant's dwelling even on a dark winter day.

4 kilometers from the pier, in the villages of Bolshoy Bereznik, Gredinskaya, Cherepanovo (they have a common name Mokraya Edoma), from time immemorial, hardworking and cheerful people lived, artisans, in a word.

Indeed, ordinary peasants created a unique fairy tale that delights the eye and warms the heart. The craftsmen made all their products from linden, aspen and birch bark. The painting turned them into genuine works of art.

Using just a few elements: ribbon borders, rounded leaves and berries, shamrocks, tulip flowers, cockerels, Sirin's birds, as well as genre scenes from everyday life, a poor palette - red, yellow, green and black outline, goose or magpie feather, Permogorsk masters painted household items that served them for a long time.

"This beetroot is very strong and pleasing …" Burak, beetroot, tues are a cylindrical vessel made of birch bark. They were in great use among the peasants.

With tuesko and nabirukha village children went to the forest for mushrooms and berries. The gifts of the forest were collected in the nabirukh, and kvass or spring water was poured into the tuesok, which remained as cold in the sun all day as in the spring or spring itself.

Bread was served to the table in a bread box; it was a kind of ritual, ceremony. She was carried away by the girl, getting married, as a dowry.

The peasant families were large, salt was expensive, and it was added to the festive table in a salted conic.

For drinks, another ceremonial wooden dish was intended - a skopkar.

All things sewn and decorated by the girl were folded into a large chest, which was painted especially brightly and solemnly, although it was shown only once - on the wedding day.

Brightly painted sleighs rushed from the high Permogorsk shores to Shrovetide.

Examining the products of the masters in the museum, we notice that some things are completely covered with flowers and leaves, on others - bright cockerels, Sirin's birds, everyday scenes.

There is a legend that among the endless expanses of water, which were the beginning of all beginnings, there was a tree. Life on earth began from two birds that made a nest on it. A tree (tree) is a symbol of life, of all living things, and two birds guarding it are a symbol of goodness and family happiness.

A brief history of Permogorsk painting

Among the artists who worked in the second half of the 19th century, the people remember the most skillful masters - Yakov Ivanovich Yarygin, his brother Maxim Ivanovich and Andrei Ignatievich Khripunov. Unfortunately, there is no information about the artists of the older generation.

In the last two decades of the 19th century, the decline of the Permogorsk painting began. Only a few works have preserved the former skill, the virtuosity of the first drawing and the liveliness of improvisation, the beauty and richness of color. Only rare masters with great natural talent created things during this period that could be compared with the works performed in the previous decades.

The villages of Cherepanovo, Bolshoy Bereznik, Gredinskaya have a common name - Mokraya Edoma.

An expedition to the Zagorsk Museum managed to identify the names of all the masters of the last generation. These were hereditary families of artists, whose paintings differed in creative style, although they all worked within the framework of the same tradition.

Here are their names: Vasily Semenovich Khvostov, Mikhail Semenovich Khvostov, Alexander Semenovich Khvostov, Vasily Lukyanovich Misharin, Alexander Lukyanovich Misharin, Alexander Yakovlevich Yarygin, Fedor Yakovlevich Yarygin, Yegor Maksimovich Yarygin, Dmitry Andreevich Khripunov, Vasily Andreevich.

In the 30s of the XX century. the painting in Wet Edom (Permogorye) finally died out.

Elements of Permogorsk painting

Students get acquainted with the paints used by the Permogorsk masters, with the concepts: the main color, the accompanying color and vividness, the contour.

The practical part. Exercise "Master's Palette". Children try to apply the main color with a brush, mix the main color with a yellow accompanying one, mix yellow and green colors, learn to draw a thin, living black line - revival (you can, if there is no thin brush, do it with a metal pen).

Some objects were decorated only with ribbons, borders, sometimes borders, as it were, completed the composition invented by the master.

The table shows the steps for making borders in color. There are 6 types of them:

1. triangles,
2. brackets,
3. ribbon,
4. rhombuses,
5. shower with droplet,
6. shower with a point.

All work on the curb can be divided into 4 stages:

1. the whole ribbon is executed in yellow,
2. individual elements are executed in green,
3. the rest of the border elements are executed in red,
4. a thin living line draws the life, the contour of the border elements.

This procedure for applying paints is the most successful.

From childhood, from 6 to 8 years old, a girl in a peasant family began to prepare herself a dowry for the wedding: she spun threads on a spinning wheel, in order to then weave cloth for towels, shirts and sundresses.

My father was making a small children's spinning wheel. And the groom gave his bride a beautiful painted spinning wheel, and she walked through the village to gatherings, proudly carrying it so that everyone could see this beauty. It was believed: whoever has the most beautiful spinning wheel, the groom loves that most of all.

The girl spun yarn on such a spinning wheel, and the evening did not seem long to her, but the work was tiring. And as a token of mutual love, she then presented a woven embroidered belt to her groom with the words "Whom I love, to him I give."

Permogorsk spinning wheels are of the root type with a large spade-shaped blade, ending in five or seven round or horse-shaped smoothly colored "poppies", "towns". At the bottom, on the blade, there are two "earrings" ("chuski" in the local dialect), located on both sides of a massive high leg - "riser", passing into the base - "bottom" of the spinning wheel.

The painting of the front side of the blade (blade) is divided into two parts. The upper part - the larger part - always has a traditional theme: the Sirin bird in the branches of a tree. This tree is sometimes difficult to discern in the cleverly intertwined flowering shoots, dotted with red, green, yellow flowers and leaves. But if you take a closer look, you can see that its branches, written with a pen (which allows us to classify this painting as a graphic one), begin to grow from one stem, sometimes from a small triangular "hill". The Sirin bird is most often enclosed in a circle and is located either in the middle of the tree, or under it.

At the bottom of the spinning wheel, there is a subject composition with rolling, tea drinking, gatherings, etc.

Framing the spinning wheel and dividing it into compositional parts (vertically) - the staves are made with curb belts, which suggests that painted spinning wheels have replaced more archaic carved ones.

In the painting, the colors favorite by the masters are used: red, green, yellow, less often blue. In the early Permogorsk murals, there were red-orange, blue, ocher.

The figure shows exercises that are performed with a pencil without separation: bushes of various shapes, leaves, lingonberries and cranberries.

Figures 1-4 show the step-by-step construction of elements in color.

In the future, the sequence of work in color on elements and compositions is repeated:

• 1st stage - all work is done with yellow paint;
• 2nd stage - then add green;
• 3rd stage - apply the main red color;
• 4th stage - revitalization is performed, the outline with black paint.

The movement of the hand is light, lively. In the bottom row, the compilation and sequential execution of a simple composition. With such a composition, children can decorate a corner of the album, in which they will be engaged in lessons on the study of Permogorsk painting.

These elements are an integral part of the painting of any item made by a Permogorsk master.

The first two rows of the table make it possible to learn how to easily and fluently perform this element. Please note that there are several types of flower, it can be both symmetrical and asymmetrical. The core of a flower can consist of a large droplet of yellow and green colors and a bush of the same colors.

The third, fourth and fifth rows show the step-by-step work on three types of flowers.

After studying this element, it will be rational to perform the composition in a strip of familiar elements. For example, you can bookmark a book.

This element is the most difficult, children should try to maintain symmetry in the image of the flower. It is appropriate to remind them of the meaning of the word "symmetry" (commensurability, the sameness in the arrangement of parts on opposite sides).

A tulip consists of several elements, including leaves, and an element of a three-lobed flower, and berries. Children perform pencil exercise. Then they use the table, copy the image of the bottom row and achieve similarity with Fig. 4. The step-by-step work in color is shown in fig. 1-4.

In the first two rows - exercises for the performance of a cock, a chicken, a bird. The images are different and the kids should celebrate. All lines are very smooth, soft, lively. In fig. 1-4 show the step-by-step execution of the element in color. Using familiar elements, it is appropriate for fixing to compose a composition in a square, that is, to complete a panel (a picture or ornament decorating a section of a wall, ceiling).

Three-lobed, slightly curved leaves are strung on flexible shoots - flowers with sharp tips and tulip-shaped flowers, among them are bushes of rounded leaves and berries …

The bird of happiness, Sirin, a bird with a woman's face, fits into this floral pattern (Fig. 4).

The upper row of the table shows exercises for further depicting the Sirin bird. How to work in color is shown in fig. 1-4.

It is appropriate to draw the bird in different directions, this is a very complex element of painting, which has always been present in the painting of the spinning wheel.

A short talk about the Sirin bird is recommended. Children should not confuse the northern bird Sirin, which is considered a talisman, a bird that brings goodness and happiness to the house, with the legendary virgin birds singing sweet melodies, inviting ships to the reefs.

After studying this element, it is advisable to compose a composition in a circle, that is, the Sirin bird was always framed in a circle with one of the types of border.

Permogorsk masters also included scenes from everyday life (genre scenes) in the floral pattern of the painting: horseback riding, departure, tea drinking, weddings, etc.

Subject paintings are always life-affirming, joyful - this is a celebration of life: flowers, pets (for example, a cat is a symbol of home comfort). These pictures can tell us about the current situation or the occupation of the owner. The master in his painting depicted the life around him, reflected some bright events from this life. On the products you can see fishing, steamers, scenes of peasant labor.

Lying good, do not get it, Woe is not enough

Honor and love cannot be earned, Do not wear red clothes.

This idea runs like a red thread through all the compositions of the masters.

Let the children come up with their own compositions for a bread bin, for a sled, for a cradle, etc.

Using these tables, you can conduct art lessons: make a square box-box and a dish in the lessons from papier-mâché, apply a wood-like primer, paint these products with Permogorsk painting. You can also use stencils of spoons, scoops, large spinning wheels made of paper tuescu and nabiruh, etc.

At the end of the study of the topic "Permogorsk painting" to hold a bright and meaningful exhibition of children's works called "Permogorsk Fair", since it was in Permogorye in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. There were merry fairs, famous throughout the province, where masters came from everywhere to show themselves and see others.